Standardized Test Scores and Their Use in College Admissions Decisions

State administered Test Scores and their utilization in College Admissions Decisions Reason The motivation behind this proposition is to look at present and future Iowa State University confirmations choices forms. Right now most universities, including Iowa State utilize a blend of government sanctioned grades, secondary school class rank, secondary school grade point normal, and papers to settle on choices on affirmations. The entirety of the above are acceptable determinants of a student’s conceivable achievement in school, aside from state administered test scores. State administered tests oppress minorities and are not a decent by and large marker of a student’s potential. Thus and others, Iowa State ought not utilize government sanctioned grades when settling on confirmations choices. Foundation Since America’s school framework started, somebody has had the obligation of choosing who gets into a school and who doesn't. Schools and colleges must adhere to a meaningful boundary some place with respect to who has the chance to turn out to be increasingly instructed and who finds an all day line of work at McDonald’s. This dynamic procedure has consistently been a troublesome activity and has gotten much increasingly troublesome as of late as rivalry in advanced education gets harder. School affirmations offices have concocted a framework which consolidates markers, for example, state sanctioned grades, secondary school class rank, grade point normal, and papers. Various schools put various measures of accentuation on these checks however most utilize some blend of them. As of late numerous schools have started to put more accentuation on state sanctioned grades. Practically all school destined understudies currently take placement tests like the ACT or SAT. These tests evidently demonstrate how savvy an understudy is and how effective they would be in colle... ...f schools, going from little aesthetic sciences schools to enormous state funded colleges, have done the switch. Most report numerous advantages with no drop-off in the scholarly nature of their candidates (FairTest). Schools and colleges could settle on this choice for themselves or the change could come intensive a statewide approach. For instance in Texas, beginning in 1998, understudies applying to state funded colleges who were in the best 10 percent of their graduating secondary school class, don't need to take the ACT or SAT (State Colleges). A strategy, for example, this is another case of a potential method to underline secondary school accomplishment as opposed to test scores. The no government sanctioned test approach ought to be executed at Iowa State University as quickly as time permits. Starting with the approaching first year recruit class of 2001, government sanctioned tests ought not be utilized as an instrument in confirmations choices.

Crevecoeur in America Essay Example for Free

Crevecoeur in America Essay Hector St. John Crã ¨vecoeur is surely not perhaps the best figure of American history, yet he can in any event be attributed with having been observer to a lot of a portion of the key occasions that lead to the initiation of the United States of America in the eighteenth century.1 Crã ¨vecoeur saw the expanding country under various points during various times of American history2. This combined with the way that as an outsider who lived in the provinces he had the option to step back and assess American life and culture and be likewise ready to see it from within. This paper will concentrate on the American existence of Hector St. John de Crã ¨vecoeur and endeavor a sketch of how his life occurred and how the settlements and the new American country influenced him. Right off the bat we will analyze Crã ¨vecoeur’s life in the provinces, including his day to day environments, areas he occupied and his general circumstance during his time there. Also, we will survey his encounters in the states and North America. Thirdly we will endeavor to perceive how, when and by whom was Crã ¨vecoeur affected during his time in America and what impacts this had on both the United States of American and Crã ¨vecoeur himself. Michel-Guillaume Jean de Crã ¨vecoeur †or St. John de Crã ¨vecoeur as we would later know him †would initially go to North America in Canada in 1754. Battling under the Montcalm during the French-Indian War, Crã ¨vecoeur left Canada for the English states where he filled in as a vagrant trader permitted him to imagine numerous angles and parts of North America. In 1759 he in the long run settled down in Orange County in New York and turned into a resident of the province, changing his name to John Hector St. John.. Crã ¨vecoeur took up an existence of cultivating and raised a family, while as yet staying in contact with the outside world though avoiding its undertakings as a rule. After the change of the Revolutionary War and a five-year long come back to France, Crã ¨vecoeur in the long run came back to New York in 1783 in the limit of First Consul of his Christian Majesty to the State of New York. In this elevated position Crã ¨vecoeur works to set up exchanging between the Americanâ colonies and the French crown. Moreover he additionally educated France and through France, Europe of what the lives, individuals and the mainland of North America was really similar to. In spite of the fact that Crã ¨vecoeur’s stays in the states were no uncertainty a wellspring of extraordinary pride and achievement, they were likewise a period of hardship, doubt and vulnerability. St. John de Crã ¨vecoeur’s encounters in North America and the provinces inside were differed. Thus his life there was loaded up with victories. In the wake of being an able trooper for France he turned into a rancher and raised a family that he adored and was pleased with. He in the long run arrived at a place of in any event representative force where he ended up in a situation to both assistance his country just as encourage more prominent getting, thankfulness and possibly thriving for a land and a country that had been his home for an amazing majority. Be that as it may, if one somehow managed to compare Crã ¨vecoeur’s encounters on the mainland to be simply charming one would be woefully mixed up. Notwithstanding the hardships of country life he additionally needed to encounter doubt and detainment during his time there. Crã ¨vecoeur, albeit naturalized as an American, was still especially a Frenchman. Albeit especially liberal for his occasions Crã ¨vecoeur still held a sound regard for religion and government, twin mainstays of the French world class. He was additionally fascinated with English society and government, considered undeniably increasingly liberal and populist by the French rationalists still under the rule of an outright government. His first book was in truth committed to Abbot Raynal whose work â€Å"Histoire philosophique et politique des à ©tablissements des Europã ©ens dans les deux Indes† (1770) roused him to consider America and his circumstance. Besides, Crã ¨vecoeur’s own encounters and his perusing of imparted him with the possibility that the American settlements, with their strict resistance. Albeit eventually routed to the higher layers of society, planned as a kind of curious image of peaceful ideal world, his works are at last a festival and an honor to the workingman and the lower classes of the time. Crã ¨vecoeur is even some of the time credited with being the designer of what might turn into the American Dream. Pilgrim American formed Crã ¨vecoeur. The hardships of the provincial life started to change his perspective on the country idyll that we first observe in quite a while compositions. The risks of that life and the tenacious and frequently unjustifiable ideas of the components, neighbors and nation life hunkered down on him. Albeit still to some degree in amazement of a portion of the pioneers that allowed the Revolution a portion of his compositions tell a story of disappoint with incredible pioneers and the saint revere that came about with a portion of the legends of the American Revolution, to be specific Washington. The Revolution further defaced Crã ¨vecoeur’s idealistic interpretation of the states and furthermore the English themselves. To state that Crã ¨vecoeur is an intriguing character of American history is putting it mildly. Having been observer to three unmistakable periods of pioneer America. These are the pre-progressive period, the real American Revolution itself and its consequence. These different periods and stages throughout his life influence him profoundly and changed his compositions and his perspectives. All in all, Hector St. John de Crã ¨vecoeur encapsulates numerous things that portrayed pilgrim America as both a land overflowing with circumstance and a spot and time saturated with severity and brutality. Catalog: Patchell, Thomas â€Å"J. Hector St. John de Crã ¨vecoeur† in Early American Nature Writers ed. by Daniel Patterson (London: Greenwood Press 2008), 103 Plotkin, A. Holy person John de Crevecoeur Rediscovered: Critic or Paneygyrist? French Historical Studies, Vol. 3, No. 3 (Spring, 1964) 403-404 Plumstead, A. W. â€Å"Crevecoeur: A â€Å"Man of Sorrows† and the American Revolution† The Massachusetts Review, Vol. 17, No. 2 (Summer, 1976) 287-288 St. John de Crevecoeur, John Letters from an American Farmer, 1783, ed. Albert Stone (New York, NY: Penguin American Library, 1981), 226-227 St. John de Crevecoeur, John Qu’est-ce qu’un Amã ©ricain? (ed. Howard Rice) (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1943

The Metaphorical Martyr An Analytical Exploration of the role of Symbolism in the Novella Chronicle of a Death Foretold. - Literature Essay Samples

If the world were a desert, art would be its oasis. Within the realm of art and literature is the craft of symbolism, by which artists invest their characters or other such depictions with deeper meanings. What is most likely the most common symbol of all time is the cross for Christ and the homage it pays to the Christian faith. Said symbol is prevalent in literature, as seen for example in Gabriel Garcia Marquez’s Chronicle of a Death Foretold. In the Novella, Gabriel Marquez is able to bring across a deeper meaning for his readers by incorporating the symbol of Jesus Christ by linking Santiago Nasar to him through his name. Santiago Nasar’s fate informs his fate by dint of its of etymology, explicit references, and implicit allusions. Through the employment of these literary aspects, Garcia Marquez is able to write the faith of Santiago Nasar in the stars. The primary measure by which Marquez is able to foretell the fate of Santiago Nasar using his name is by way of its underlying meaning. Etymology is the study of names and their history, and by employing this academia, Marquez is able to craft a destiny for his characters before the plot even begins. Santiago or James is the Patron Saint of Spain, which is the first link that Santiago Nasar has to the Christian Faith. Secondly, Nasar or Nazarus is the Latin word denoting someone as Christian. Other characters in the Novella also have names that tie them to their fates, such as Divina Flor who is deflowered. Therefore, if one’s name writes one’s fate, then Santiago Nasar by virtue of his name is destined to die as a martyr as Jesus Christ did before him. The etymology of Santiago Nasar’s name leads to further symbols linking him to Jesus Christ. This can be explicitly seen when he is being murdered in the final chapter of the Novella. Whilst being slaughtered Nasar does not bleed after the first blow of the Vicario’s knife slices through his hand and pins him to the wood of the door behind him. The lack of blood is a symbol of divinity and immortality. Furthermore, the knife that pierces his hand pins him to the wood of the door in the same way that the nails that pierced Christ’s hands pinned him to the wood of the cross. Furthermore, as the knives continue to bombard him, Nasar lets out a cry of pain akin to that of an innocent calf, which is another illusion to divinity and purity. Subsequently, in the middle of the novella, while Santiago Nasar’s body is going through the autopsy and the hole in his hand is found, Garcia Marquez directly states that his body resembled that of a fallen Christ. The image of the crucifix and the calf are but more examples of Garcia Marquez adding depth to depth to his exploration of Santiago Nasar as being a symbol of Jesus. On that account, Marquez is able to use Santiago Nasar’s name to explicitly reference him to Christ. The last implication of Santiago Nasar’s name for the purposes of determining his fate is the implicit allusion that Marquez builds in the last few pages of the Novella. Chronicle of a Death Foretold is set in what seems to be early 20th century Latin America. The setting is not specified as it serves as a metaphor for the entire continent. Marquez uses the novella to comment on the cults of honour and image that he himself witnessed while growing up. Through the Vicario brothers, these cults are brought to light. After Angela Vicario dishonours her family, her brothers are dictated by the cults of honour and image to restore dignity to their name by dint of an honour killing. After the deed is done, the brothers claim that it was â€Å"an act before God† thought the Bible directly states that â€Å"thou shalt not kill† as it is the 6th of the holy 10 commandments. This portrays how in the society depicted, the cults of image and honour have superseded the religi on under whose authorities individuals claim to act. Because of this loss of priorities, the entire town in which the story is set is in a whirlpool of sin. Santiago Nasar is murdered because the cults of honour and image demanded his death, and the sin of this demand is the reason for which he dies. Just as Jesus Christ died for the sins of others, Santiago Nasar dies as a Martyr for the sins of his entire town. Marquez is able to create this allusion and convey this deeper meaning of the novella on principles purely established on the basis of Nasar’s name and his connection to Christ. By way of his use of etymology, references and allusions, Marquez is able to dictate the fate of Santiago Nasar based solely on the premise of the name that was given to him. The complex metaphor comparing him to Jesus Christ helps expose a society that has succumbed to a world of sin. Just as symbolism aided Marquez in the depiction of his characters and their fates, it has helped countless others. A world without symbols is one that is black and white in the sense that everything is what it is, and the grayscale that is similies and metaphors does not exist, however, is one blurred shade of grey if no deeper meaning can ever be gleaned from the world.

Juvenile Justice A Difficult Area For Law Enforcement Essay

Juvenile justice can be a difficult area for law enforcement. This is said because unlike adult offenders in the criminal justice system, the juvenile justice is about reform rather than incarceration. The thought process behind juvenile justice is to help these children to become better adults, not only for their community, but also for their workforce as well. There are some rules when handling delinquents. A great example would be an adult who has a public intoxication and has to spend a night in jail. Although, if a juvenile is caught doing the same thing he is to be taken home to his parents, or legal guardian. Also, the way a trial operates is also different. During a trial in adult court, it becomes a formal matter and can be subjected to a trial by jury. Whereas the trial in juvenile court is informal, and under no circumstances, can the defendant be tried in front of a jury. Lastly, the title of the judge is different in a juvenile case and is called a referee. How law enforcement handles a delinquent can go many ways. Most of the time they are taken home to a legal guardian to look after them, but in some cases, juveniles are taken to a juvenile detention center. Juvenile detention centers are usually a long drive to a different county. This is because it is against the law to hold a minor in the same area as an adult before trial. Even after the crime has been committed, it is still against the law. One problem an officer faces when dealing with a juvenile, whoShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Illicit Drugs On The Nation s Rate Of Violent Crime1735 Words   |  7 Pageslevels responded by strengthening enforcement forces against drug law violators, attempting to block illegal drugs at the borders, working with other countries to take down the criminal organizations that produce and distribute drugs, and increasing efforts to reduce demand for drugs (Dept. of Justice, 2005). In addition, serious crimes, including violent ones, committed by j uveniles began to increase at a fast pace. By the late 1980s, violent crime committed by juveniles had reached epidemic proportionsRead MoreJuveniles As A Victim Of A Crime Essay1570 Words   |  7 PagesJuveniles Juveniles come in contact with the law and law enforcement everyday, but it is important to understand how to deal with these individuals. Oftentimes juveniles can be a victim of a crime, or even a suspect in a crime, and it is necessary to learn how to effectively communicate with these individuals. Children and juveniles have a different language set, understanding of law, mindset, and even a different way of coping compared to their adult counterparts. Officers dealing with these youngerRead MoreEffective Communication in Criminal Justice Settings Essay1700 Words   |  7 Pagesinteraction impact aspects of juvenile delinquent officers when approaching the public through the press, and its impact in a court proceedings when the officers testifies under direct or oblique evaluation. An additional evaluation into the effects interaction has within modification features as it concerns workers, colleagues, and prisoners. This article will determine how interaction impacts workers, colleagues, and prisoners in juvenile detention facilities. Juvenile detention authorities work inRead MoreThe Role Of Adolescents With Domestic Violence1059 Words   |  5 Pagesindividual with the opposing position, is difficult for adults, it is even more difficult for adolescents. Although, the number of juveniles arrested for domestic violence is on the rise (Storm, 2015) there is insufficient academic research that examines child to parent violence. The lack of research leaves a void of social policy or to address the increasing number of child-to-parent assaults that take place. The practice of arresting and charging juveniles with domestic violence is a recent phenomenonRead MoreThe Role Of Adolescents With Domestic Violence1065 Words   |  5 Pagesposition, is difficult for adults, it is even more difficult for adolescents. Further research demonstrated that the number of juveniles arrested for domestic violence is on the rise (Hunter, Nixon, Parr, 2010). Unfortunately, there is insufficient academic research that examines child to parent violence. The lack of research leaves a void of social policy or to address the increasing number of child-to-parent assaults that take place. 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It is clear that this must be handled on a state and local level with the federal government backing the states. Prevention and law enforcement is the key to successfully eradicate our nation of the ugly stain caused by youth gun violence. Read MoreThe Issue For The Social Work Profession912 Words   |  4 Pageshas evolved to a very critical policy that arguably pushes more minority boys out of school and into the criminal justice system. As many refuse to try to connect present day issues of race within law enforcement, this issue is a pressing issue for the social work profession. Battling against a social injustice issue as such, that presents with so many disproportionate, becomes difficult in working with youth in Ward 7. To hear the youth say, à ¢â‚¬Å"Why does any of this matter, when I walk outside my doorRead MoreCriminal Justice As An Adjunct Professor At The Nevada Air National Guard Essay1196 Words   |  5 Pagesmanagement studies, technical assistance and training. Currently assisting the U.S. Department of Justice as a Senior Police Advisor on policing reforms in Ukraine. EDUCATION: Ph.D. 1993 University of Nevada, Reno Political Science (Pubic Policy and Administration Focus) MPA 1989 University of Nevada, Reno Public Administration and Policy B.A. 1978 Cal State University, Sacramento Criminal Justice Senior Management Institute for Police, Police Executive Research Forum, 1992 FBI NationalRead MoreEssay on Approaches to crime prevention1666 Words   |  7 Pages Approaches to crime prevention have emerged over time and are demonstrated in different solutions, practices, and policies executed by law enforcement, courts, corrections, family, and community. Some of the dominant approaches to crime prevention currently used by law enforcement, courts, corrections, family, and community are: situational crime prevention, crime prevention through social development, crime prevention through environmental design, community crime prevention, reduction of recidivism

The Cold War And The Soviet Union - 1073 Words

During the 1970s, the Cold War had quieted down for a bit and there were even negotiations of peace talks. That all changed when the Soviet Union occupied Afghanistan in favor of the communist side while the USA were aiding the anti-communist side. Eventually America pulled out of Afghanistan and went home, but the tension that was there continued through the 1980 Olympic Games. The Soviet Union dominated in the sport of hockey for several years and won gold medals multiple times, but what satisfied them the most was beating team USA every time they faced. The USSR wanted to show their dominance and their pride every time they faced USA. That’s why the miracle on ice game was more than just an underdog story, it was the second Cold War. â€Å"The Olympics are hardly apolitical. Nothing is apolitical in this world. The Olympics are the last thing,† Mansbach said. â€Å"So in a sense, the hockey match was a Cold War, literally and figuratively.† Draped in the irony of the Cold War playing out on actual ice, the U.S. pulled off the improbable upset and continued on to beat Finland in the gold medal game. â€Å"It enhances the reputation of the administration, even though it had nothing to do with it. Simply, citizens bathed in the glow [of the win] that somehow capitalism, Americans [and] the free world had won some type of significant, symbolic victory,† Mansbach said. The account of the United States Olympic Hockey group has been introduced as highlight movies, documentaries and books. TheShow MoreRelatedThe Cold War And The Soviet Union973 Words   |  4 PagesThe Cold War was a state of economic, diplomatic, and ideological discord among nations without armed conflict. The Cold War was between the United States and the USSR because these were the two major powers after WWII. Basically, the Cold War was a series of proxy wars that had taken place back in time involving surrounding countries. One of the main causes for Cold War was that the Soviet Union was spreading communism and the United States didn’t like that so they were trying to contain communismRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union1233 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cold War is unique among war’s to be not a war between states, but a war between ideologies. The United States and other allies defend social democracy capitalism, as the pinnacle of freedom and equality; and the Soviet Union though communism was the pinnacle of equality. These ideologies manifested themselves through the superpowers, which caused the conflict between them. Both the United States, and the Soviet Union are to blame for the outbreak of the Cold War. The United State’s missionRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union1697 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cold War, in fact didn’t take place in the winter season, but was just as dangerously cold and unwelcoming, as it focused on two contrasting powers: the U.S. and the Soviet Union. After World War 2, the Cold War influenced capitalist U.S. and communist Soviet Union to engage in disagreements causing many disputes having to use military, economic and humanitarian aid. With different goals, the contrasting powers prove through the Marshall Plan, the Cuban Missile Crisis, and SALT that communismRead MoreThe Cold War And Soviet Union840 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many theories and opinions of how the cold war start ed. Some believe that the cold war was the result of the belligerence of Joseph Stalin and the insecurity it caused in the United States and the West. Others believe the primary responsibility for the cold war derives from the hardline policies of the United States. (Viewpoints Article: the Soviet Union Start the Cold War) I believe The Cold War was triggered by the theory of two superpower countries in a race for dominance in the worldRead MoreCold War And The Soviet Union859 Words   |  4 PagesAMS2270 Cold War This essay will discuss about cold war, including the background, beginning, progress and ending. As we know, cold war is a struggle between U.S. with NATO and Soviet Union with WTO from 1947 to 1991. It is a significant event in history, and it influence the almost all of world, it directly lead to the radical change of eastern Europe and the breakup of the USSR. In 1946 February, George.F.Kennan wrote a â€Å"Long Telegram†, it clearly said the strategy of containing Soviets and itRead MoreThe Cold War On The Soviet Union1230 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cold War’s effect on the Soviet Union Shortly after the World War 2 ended, the United States and its North Atlantic Treaty Organization allies entered the cold war with the Soviet Union. Germany was divided in half and later, the Berlin Wall was constructed as a physical boundary between the Soviet controlled East Germany and NATO controlled West Germany. This standoff continued until the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991. The cold war had a huge influence on the world stage, but also had a majorRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union1391 Words   |  6 Pageswake of World War II as the decades-long force of Germany’s reign came to its conclusion, an extensive repositioning of authority among the world’s top powers began. The war wielded devastating consequences for most countries involved and effectively diminished the dominance Britain and France once employed across the globe. Out of this devastation rose the two new dominating forces of the world who were triumphant in the aftermath of the war: the U nited States and the Soviet Union. The United StatesRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union Essay965 Words   |  4 PagesThe Cold War was a period in world history marked with increased tensions primarily between the United States and the Soviet Union. Both countries desired to expand their ideologies across the globe, the U.S. urging capitalism and democratic elections and the Soviets promoting communism. After the allies had obtained victory in World War II, the Yalta Conference was held. Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union, wanted to expand his sphere of influence into Eastern Europe and demanded thatRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union1343 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract: As one of the most important events in 20th century, the Cold War had a very deep influence for the human-being civilization and it changed the world structure . The United States and the Soviet Union ,the two poles, became enemies from friends after the World War II. They adopt hostile attitude towards each other and criticized the the opponents’ social systems. To find out who provoked the Cold War, the US, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdoms ,Roosevelt, Truman ,Stalin, and ChurchillRead MoreThe Soviet Union Of The Cold War1745 Words   |  7 Pages During the era of the Cold War, starting in 1947 and definitively ending in 1991, the United States and the Soviet Union faced off in conflicts with each other through smaller states. The United States and Soviet Union faced off to see who could spread their ideology the most in Europe. The Soviet Union used force and supported coups to spread communism while the United States installed democratic governments as a way to counter communism in Eastern Europe. These small conflicts that the two superpowers

Social Customs And Family Dynamics Of Australian Society - Samples

Question: Discuss about the Social Customs And Family Dynamics Of Australian Society. Answer: I am an international student, currently living in Australia. For the past one and half year, I have been staying in Australia to study for my degree course from a renowned Australian university. Just after arriving in the country I had already begun to notice some of the differences in the Australian culture from that of ours. In this essay, I will highlight my views regarding social customs and family dynamics of Australian society. I have observed Australia as a culturally diverse country. The people residing here have a very rich variety of customs, languages, and cultures (Gunson, 2016). Unlike American culture, there is no official religion of the Australian nation. Older people in the Australian community tend to believe in god and thus the religious institutions play a major role in societies. Whereas, most of the Americans believe in Christianity. The family structures in the Australian society are no longer the archetypal family type. With the increased number of divorces, remarriages, and step-relations, the family structure of Australia is no different than that of Americans. The stigma related to same-sex relations have decreased throughout these years and the society is experiencing more common-sex couples and families (Gomes et al., 2014). Though the structure of the traditional families in the Australian society is no more a realistic social standard, the concept of the family and family values still are fundamentally important to the people of Australia throughout their life. Another thing I liked about the Australian culture and families is the concept of Individualism.Australian families encourages their family members to follow their aspirations and dreams and become independent in their life despite the family wealth and supports. Children in the Australian society are taught to think themselves as unique and the values and norms of the social customs, family dynamics and attitudes are incorporated in them while they grow up (Luke, 2018). T he self-determining, self-reliant and responsible attitudes of the Australians make them truly unique and special before the world. I found out some of the cultural differences relating to social customs and family dynamics between the Australian and the Americas. American people do not tend to value their cultures and families like the Australians. People in America do encourage their children but there lays a huge lack in guidance and care form the elders of the family. The structure of the family and social attitudes varies widely from that of the Australians. People here are more generous, helpful and believe in family bonding and long-term relations unlike the American people. In this essay I will highlight my views regarding gender relationships, art and music of the Australian society. The concept of Gender plays a very important role in the family structure of the Australian communities (Kale Luke, 2017). Australian people believe in the concept of gender equality in the true sense and I have observed that gender does not dictate the role or the duty of a person in an Australian family. In our American culture, I have often seen that women are forced to stay back at home and look after the family. It is considered as the duty of a woman to do household chores and leave their job if the male partners do not approve it. In Australia, I have seen women enjoying equal opportunities to choose their way of contributing to their home. Women in the Australian society tend to get married and start their families after establishing a successful care for themselves (Banks, 2015). I have noticed that Australian couples commonly meet through social circles and netw orking websites. A lot number of my university friends found their partner from online dating apps which are on the rise these days.Coming from the country of America, I found out some of the cultural differences relating to arts, music and gender relationships between the Australian and the Americas. One of the unique features in the Australian world of music is the Indigenous Australian music (Olding, 2013). The young population has an immense craze for rock and popular music. Hip-hop, pun, and rock songs are the contemporary popular music among the Australian crowd. American music on the other hand is the roots music. The American music rules the global music industry and Hollywood. One of the most notable music cultures of America is the Jazz. Besides, American music platform includes a broad category of music like gospel, blues, country music, Cajun, jug bands and Native American music arts (Moran, Abramson Moran, 2014). Unlike Australian music, American music industry is popu lar throughout the world. In the context of arts, Australia is famous for their aboriginal paintings. I have observed some of the aboriginal arts which are painted in leaves, rock carvings and sand paintings. Beside this, colonial, landscape and atelier are some of the notable Australian art I observed till date. American arts on the other hand are more renowned for their visual artistry (Gomes, 2015). The collection of American arts represents cultural exchange and development. Mostly the paintings and sculptures were done on paper and canvas structures. American artists are the beginner of the watercolor paintings, patriotic art and modern art in the world. Students from all over the globe participate in the exhibitions of America. References Banks, J. A. (2015).Cultural diversity and education. Routledge. https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/31056987/ze_2006_372.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3AExpires=1523006955Signature=ATIy2fGNZbxTwpglr%2BAk87Wmuv8%3Dresponse-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DCultural_diversity_and_education.pdf Gomes, C. (2015). Negotiating everyday life in Australia: Unpacking the parallel society inhabited by Asian international students through their social networks and entertainment media use.Journal of Youth Studies,18(4), 515-536. Gomes, C., Berry, M., Alzougool, B., Chang, S. (2014). Home away from home: International students and their identity-based social networks in Australia.Journal of International Students,4(1), 2-15. Gunson, N. (2016). Traditional knowledge and invasive missionary culture: Australia and the South Pacific. Kale, J., Luke, A. (2017). Learning through difference: Cultural practices in early childhood language socialisation. InOne child, many worlds(pp. 11-29). Routledge. Luke, A. (2018). Critical literacy in Australia: A matter of context and standpoint. InCritical Literacy, Schooling, and Social Justice(pp. 186-206). Routledge. Moran, R. T., Abramson, N. R., Moran, S. V. (2014).Managing cultural differences. Routledge. Olding, A. (2013).An investigation of the social relationships and social interactions amongst international students studying in Australia: A case study using facebook(Doctoral dissertation, University of Tasmania).

The Third World Body Commodified Essay Sample free essay sample

This essay offers a reading of Indian author Manjula Padmanabhan’s dystopian drama Harvest ( 1997 ) in order to analyze the trade in human variety meats and the commoditization of the 3rd universe organic structure that such a trade is predicated upon. Padmanabhan’s drama. in which an unemployed Indian adult male sells the rights to his organic structure parts to a purchaser in the United States. pointedly critiques the commoditization of the healthy third-world organic structure. which. thanks to important progresss in transplant medical specialty. has now become a bank of trim parts for ailing organic structures in the first universe. Describing this phenomenon as a instance of ‘neo-cannibalism’ . anthropologist Nancy Scheper-Hughes ( 1998. p. 14 ) notes that wealthy but ailing patients in the first-world are progressively turning to healthy if destitute populations of the third-world in order to secure ‘spare’ organic structure parts. It is alluring. at first glimpse. to read this illicit planetary economic system as yet another illustration of the development of third-world organic structures that planetary capitalist economy gives rise to. We will write a custom essay sample on The Third World Body Commodified Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Scheper-Hughes herself suggests that the trade in human variety meats is best understood in the context of planetary capitalist economy when she points out that the planetary circuit of variety meats mirrors the circuit of capital flows in the epoch of globalization: ‘from South to North. from Third to First universe. from hapless to rich. from black and brown to white’ ( 2002. p. 197 ) . And yet. as I argue in my essay. the human organ can non be equated with other objects produced in the third-world for first-world ingestion because the organ is non a merchandise of the laboring third-world organic structure. Unlike the trade good exported from an exploitatory third-world sweatshop. the organ is non produced by the third-world organic structure but extracted from it. The organ’s peculiar feature as a merchandise that requires no labor in order to bring a monetary value provides the key to understanding why third-world populations are progressively willing to be preyed upon by first-world organ purchasers. Many theoreticians composing about planetary capitalist economy today have pointed out that first-world economic systems are progressively reliant non on production but ingestion ( Harvey. 2000. Bauman. 1998. and Hardt and Negri. 2004 ) . The work force of the first-world is of all time more disengaged from industrial labor and industry either because. in the aftermath of technological progresss. such labor is carried out by non-human agencies. or instead. because human labor is obtained elsewhere. In their thrust to multiply net incomes. first-world economic systems rely on production sites where labor is ‘cheaper. less self-asserting. less taxed. more feminised [ and ] less protected by provinces and unions’ ( Comaroff and Comaroff. 2000. p. 295 ) . Typically located in the third-world. such production sites displace human labor to remote geographical locations. leting for industrial production to go progressively less seeable in the first-world. The first-world. on th e other manus. sees a proliferation of service-economies. economic systems which rely on consumers to buy progressively non-material trade goods. Yet organ trade does non purely correspond to this planetary economic form. The organ is so a stuff good originating in the third-world. but it is non the merchandise of labor. It is. instead. a merchandise that can be sold without the outgo of labor. while assuring to bring forth ‘wealth without production. value without effort’ ( Comaroff and Comaroff. 2000. p. 313 ) . Undreamt-of sums of money with small to no labor: this is the peculiar promise that organ sale extends to the impoverished and disenfranchised populations of the third-world. In order to understand the frequently resistless enticement of this promise. we must research non the transmutation in the conditions of capitalist production. but instead the transmutation in the societal complex numbers of the labouring hapless. Jean and John Comaroff theorise merely this transmutation. Harmonizing to the Comaroffs. capitalist economy today presents itself to the laboring hapless in a millennian. messianic signifier. publicizing itself as ‘a Gospel of redemption ; [ as ] a capitalis t economy that. if justly harnessed. is invested with the capacity entirely to transform the existence of the marginalised and the disempowered’ ( 2000. p. 292 ) . Therefore. the key to understanding millennian capitalist economy lies in the peculiar trade name of seduction upon which it operates. This seductiveness. they argue. is most visibly manifested in the unprecedented proliferation of ‘occult economies’ in the third-world ( 2000. p. 312 ) . The Comaroffs cite non merely organ trade as an illustration of these occult economic systems. but besides the sale of services such as fortune-telling. or the development of tourer industries bases on the sighting of monsters ( 2000. p. 310 ) . Occult economic systems are characterised by the fact that they respond to the temptingness of ‘accruing wealth from nothing’ ( Comaroff and Comaroff. 2000. p. 313 ) . In other words. supernatural economic systems are animated by the same inclination that motivates wealthaccruing actions like chancing or guess on the stock market. It is within this millennian context that we need to understand the determination of the organ-seller to ship on the sale of her organ and seek out the supernatural economic system of the variety meats market. The organ-seller’s voluntary determination is brought on by that set of contradictory emotions. hope and desperation. that millennian capitalist economy and its supernatural economic systems unleash upon their marks. Despair. because the proprietor of a healthy organ is immiserated. hapless and hopelessly excluded from capitalism’s promise of planetary prosperity. Hope. because millennian capitalism’s supernatural economic systems hold out the promise of a speedy hole to this status by showing a new. quasimagical agencies of doing adequate money to get the better of poorness. Making money. This is the promise that the occult economic system of organ trade extends to its objects: sell your organ and you will do more money than you will of all time gain through old ages of labor and labor. The promise of millennian capitalist economy works because it allows the third-world person to see her organic structure as that which contains a natural ‘spare’ por tion. a of course happening excess that is non the merchandise of labour yet is still in high demand. The third-world person is therefore organic structure has a ‘spare’ of – a kidney. a cornea – in order to work out all her pecuniary jobs. The organ hence emerges as a really curious sort of trade good: 1 that is non produced by a drudging human organic structure. but instead extracted from it. What sort of trade good. so. is the organ? Indeed. is it a trade good at all? It is informative to turn here to Karl Marx’s treatment of a peculiar sort of trade good: 1 that has a use-value. and therefore carry through a demand. yet no value. insofar as it is non the merchandise of labor. 1 Marx’s primary illustration of such a trade good. which he discusses in the 3rd volume of Capital. is land. Marx recognises that there are assorted manners of production originating from land. but he chooses to concentrate on the peculiar instance of agricultural production. where the farmer-capitalist rentals a certain sum of land. and pays the proprietor of this land a fixed amount of money every month in the signifier of rent. Parenthetically. he adds that ‘instead of agribusiness. we might every bit hold taken excavati on. since the Torahs are the same’ ( 1991. p. 752 ) . The phrase is implicative. because both instances. agribusiness and excavation. affect the extraction of something from the land. We might easy include the human organic structure in the same class. In the scenario I explore here. the organic structure. like land. is mined for its variety meats. and. as the rubric of the drama I discuss below suggests. variety meats are removed. harvested. from the organic structure. Marx’s treatment of land as a trade good offers yet farther penetrations into the trade in human organic structure parts. In Capital III. he explicitly states that to talk of land as holding value is ‘prima facie irrational [ †¦ ] . since the Earth In Capital I. Marx explains that a trade good has both a qualitative and a quantitative facet. The commodity’s use-value resides in its qualitative facet: ‘The utility of a thing makes it a use-value. But this utility does non swing in mid-air. It is conditioned by the physical belongingss of the trade good. and has no being apart from the latter. [ †¦ ] Use-values are merely realised in usage or ingestion. [ †¦ ] In the signifier of society to be considered here [ read. the capitalist manner of production ] they [ use-values ] are besides the stuff carriers of [ †¦ ] exchange-value’ ( 1990. p. 126 ) . Exchange-value. says Marx. is the quantitative dimension of the trade good ; it is â⠂¬Ëœthe proportion in which use-values of one sort exchange for use-values of another kind’ ( 1990. p. 126 ) . However. Marx argues. the belongings that renders two trade goods commensurable is the fact that they both contain a common component. This common component is value. or the measure of abstract human labor objectified within a given trade good. Exchange-value is therefore ‘the necessary manner of look. or signifier of visual aspect. of value’ and emerges as such under the conditions of capitalist economy ( 1990. p. 128 ) . is non a merchandise of labor. and therefore does non hold a value’ ( 1991. p. 760 ) . And yet. as Marx recognises. the fact remains that land has a monetary value. a moneysum for which it can be exchanged. We might add here that the organ. excessively. fetches a monetary value without being a merchandise of labor. From whence so. does this monetary value originate? To this inquiry Marx provides a really unequivocal reply: [ T ] he monetary values of things that have no value in and of themselves – either non being merchandises of labor. like land. or which can non be reproduced by labour [ †¦ ] – may be determined by rather causeless combinations of fortunes. For a thing to be sold. it merely has to be capable of being monopolised and alienated ( 1991. p. 772. accent added ) . Capitalist production. argues Marx. develops exactly by virtuousness of its ability to monopolize and estrange the particular. natural belongingss of use-values without value. such as land. Therefore. the sale of land might look. superficially. to be similar to the sale of a produced trade good. However. they have different theoretical positions ( Foley. 1986. p. 28 ) . As Duncan Foley explains: If we want to understand value dealingss in trade good production. we should center our attending foremost of all on conditions of production. on factors such as labour productiveness. If we want to understand value dealingss affecting nonproduced things. we should look. non to production. but to the rights involved in ownership of these things and to the bargaining places these rights give to their owners ( 1986. p. 28-9. accent added ) . It is thanks to the societal phenomenon of landed belongings that land is able to command a fixed. agreed-upon money-sum. in the signifier of rent if the land is leased. and in the signifier of a monetary value if it is sold. The legal impression of landed belongings efficaciously alienates certain parts of land and decrees them as the sole ownership of a given person. As Marx puts it: [ T ] he legal construct [ of private belongings ] itself means nil more than that the landholder can act in relation to the land merely as any trade good proprietor can with his trade goods ( 1991. p. 753 ) . Landed belongings therefore renders land into an alienable. monopolisable good in the ownership of a given person who can now sell it.As the work of Lawrence Cohen ( 2002 ) shows us. the organ. excessively. has been rendered alienable. Cohen argues that biomedical progresss in transplant medical specialty have led to the possibility non merely of pull outing and reassigning an organ from one individual to another: more significantly. these progresss have created a much larger pool of both potentially utile variety meats and compatible receivers likewise. This ‘fortuitous combination of circumstances’ . to cite Marx ( 1991. p. 772 ) . consequences from the development of extremely effectual immunosuppressor drugs such as cyclosporine. The development of cyclosporine. Cohen provinces. efficaciously means that patients expecting kidney grafts are no longer dependent on kidneys that match their ain tissue types ( 2002 ) . Theoretically. so. it is extremely likely that anyone wishing to sell their ‘spare’ organ will easy happen a purchaser for it. for immunosuppressant drugs greatly cut down the opportunities that the organ will be rejected by its new proprietor. The reaching of cyclosporine. as Cohen puts it. ‘ [ has ] allow [ ed ] specific subpopulations to go â€Å"same enough† for their members to be surgically disaggregated and their parts reincorporated’ ( 2002. p. 12 ) . If. as Marx says. a thing needs simply to be monopolisable and alienable in order to be sold. so the planetary black market in variety meats shows that this procedure is good underway in the instance of organic structure parts. 2 Much more fraught. nevertheless. is the inquiry of what it means to have one’s organic structure and the variety meats that comprise it. Land ceases to be a free resource for all one time a given province espouses the impression of private belongings upon which capitalist economy is founded. An organ. nevertheless. is ever the ownership of a given person. who. theoretically talking. is hence entitled to sell it. should she so choose. And yet the statute law adopted by most states of the universe. explicitly forbiding the trade in human organic structure parts. proves otherwise. Catherine Waldby and Robert Mitchell argue that if. along with the United States. Canada. Australia and New Zealand. no state in Western Europe has every bit yet legalised the sale and purchase of human organic structure tissues. this is due to the fact that most politicians and bioethicists in these states uphold the human organic structure as ‘the venue of absolute self-respect [ †¦ ] . [ This ] [ vitamin D ] ignity is destroyed if any portion of the organic structure is assigned a market value and rendered alienable’ ( 2006. p. 19 ) . Mentioning Paul Rabinow. Waldby and Mitchell explain that such an apprehension of self-respect as an unalienable human right is derived from Kant’s differentiation between self-respect and monetary value: In the land of terminals everything has either a monetary value or a self-respect. Whatever has a monetary value can be replaced by something else as its equivalent ; on the other manus. whatever is above all monetary value. and hence admits of no equivalent. has a self-respect. ( Kant. 1981. p. 40. cited in Waldby and Mitchell. 2006. p. 19 ) The most searching reviews of the commoditization. be it illicit or legalised. of human organic structure parts. spring from a similar construct of the self-respect of the human organic structure. Nancy Scheper-Hughes ( 2000 ) describes organ market proposals as being founded upon useful and neo-liberal principals that systematically undermine the cardinal self-respect of the human organic structure. Furthermore. these libertarian statem ents emphasize the right of every person to take whether or non to sell what she owns. However. as Scheper-Hughes points out. the really thought of pick becomes debatable in most third-world contexts: Bio-ethical statements about the right to sell are based on EuroAmerican impressions of contract and single ‘choice’ . But societal and economic contexts make the ‘choice’ to sell a kidney in an urban slum of Calcutta or in a Brazilian favela anything but a ‘free’ and ‘autonomous’ one ( 2001. [ n. p. ] ) . The balance of this essay discusses Harvest. a drama which. I shall reason. launches a scathing review of the variety meats market and of the planetary. marauding capitalist economy that consequences in the commoditization of the third-world organic structure. Indian author Manjula Padmanabhan’s 1997 drama confronts us with a futuristic Bombay of the twelvemonth 2010. a clip when legal. moral and bioethical arguments about organ gross revenues and grafts have been overcome. The trade in human variety meats is now to the full institutionalised and swimmingly operated by the entity incarnating all the predatory forces of planetary capitalist economy: a multinational corporation named Interplanta Services. The dramatis personae. Padmanabhan’s phase waies tell us. is divided into two chief groups dwelling of Third World givers and First World receiving systems. Although Padmanabhan chooses. ‘ [ f ] or the interest of coherence’ . to do the givers Indian and the receiving systems North American. her phase waies emphasise that: the givers and receiving systems should take on the racial individualities. names. costumes and speech patterns most suited to the location of production. It matters merely that there be a extremely recognizable differentiation between the two groups. reflected in address. vesture and visual aspect ( 1997. p. 217 ) . The play’s futuristic scene allows Padmanabhan to deploy a series of sci-fi appliances on phase. Their intent. I argue. is to alarm us to the important function that engineering dramas in both seducing and patroling the third-world givers into entry. It is thanks to one such sci-fi appliance that we see the first-world receiving system and organ buyer Ginny. whose organic structure is neer present on phase. but seeable merely on a screen suspended from the ceiling. The four Indian givers belong to the same family: Om ; his married woman Jaya ; Om’s female parent. referred to merely as Ma ; and Om’s younger brother. Jeetu. While Padmanabhan uses her donor characters to interrogate the peculiar fortunes that make the option of selling one’s organic structure parts so seductive. finally. I contend. she upholds the Kantian thought of human self-respect which views the merchandising of one’s organic structure parts as a misdemeanor of human unity. When the drama opens. Jaya and her mother-in-law are impatiently waiting for Om’s return from his occupation interview. Both are antsy: Ma fierily hopes that Om will acquire the occupation ; Jaya. cognizing what the occupation entails. hopes that he will non. But Om returns to denote that he has so been selected for the ‘job’ at Interplanta Services. Having passed the medical trials at Interplanta. he has been decreed an eligible. healthy campaigner for selling the rights to his full organic structure to an anon. purchaser in the United States. His baffled feelings about subscribing such a contract allow Padmanabhan to portray the complex mixture of hope and desperation that has motivated his actions. At first. he verges on the enraptured: ‘We’ll have more money than you and I have names for! ’ he says to Ma. proudly. ‘Who’d believe there’s so much money in the universe? ’ ( 1997. p. 219 ) . When his married woman exp resses her reserves for what he has done. he becomes defensive: You think I did it lightly. But [ †¦ ] we’ll be rich! Very rich! Insanely rich! But you’d instead unrecorded in this one little room. I suppose! Think it’s such a all right thing – life twenty-four hours in. twenty-four hours out. like monkeys in a hot-case – lulled to kip by our neighbours’ rhythmic flatus! [ †¦ ] And starvation ( 1997. p. 223 ) . When Jaya accuses him of doing the incorrect pick. he is inexorable that his determination was non made of his ain free will:Om: I went because I lost my occupation at the company. And why did I lose it? Because I am a clerk and cipher demands clerksany longer! There are no new occupations now – there’s nil left for people like us! Don’t you know that?Jaya: You’re incorrect. there are picks – there must be picks – Om: Huh! I didn’t choose. I stood in waiting line and was chosen! And if non this waiting line. there would hold been other waiting lines – [ †¦ ] ( 1997. p. 238 ) Om’s insisting that his function in the choice process was wholly inactive allows Padmanabhan to review the broad discourse of free will and pick that advocates organ markets on the footing of single liberty. She suggests that it is exactly this discourse which creates the economic construction of millennian capitalist economy in which the merchandising of variety meats becomes an ‘option’ for the disfranchised third-world person. As Om’s concluding reaction makes clear. his opinion has been badly impaired by the enticement of limitless wealth. When the world of what he has done hits him. he is terrified: ‘How could I have done this to myself? What kind of sap am I? ’ ( 1997. p. 234 ) Om’s female parent. nevertheless. expresses no such sorrow. Upon first hearing her son’s promises of impossible wealths. Ma is mystified: ‘What sort of occupation wages a adult male to sit at place? ’ ( 1997. p. 220 ) . As she begins to understand what Om’s ‘job’ entails. she resumes her questions as though she can non believe their good luck: ‘Tell me once more: all you have to make is sit at place and remain healthy? [ †¦ ] And they’ll wage you? [ †¦ ] Even if you do nil but pick your nose all twenty-four hours? ’ ( 1997. p. 222 ) . By demoing Ma’s continued astonishment at the fact that her boy will be paid to make perfectly nil. Padmanabhan is able to picture the extent to which the forces of millennian capitalist economy appear to supply a quasi-magical agency of doing money. By Act II of the drama. Ma has become wholly addicted to their new life of luxury. The household family is littered with a n array of appliances that Ginny has provided in order to entertain the givers and maintain them comfy. and Ma spends most of her clip obsessively watching telecasting on the synergistic set that Ginny has sent them. She becomes the perfect receiver of Ginny’s gifts as she dismisses Om’s remorse and progressively seeks to get away the world of her life in Bombay through technological devices. By the terminal of the drama. she has locked herself off into what Padmanabhan footings a VideoCouch. a capsule into which Ma can stop up herself. watch one of 150 telecasting channels. and non worry about nutrient or digestion because the unit is wholly self-sufficing. The amenitiess with which Ginny so volitionally provides her seduce Ma into an astonied contentment at their sudden reversal of lucks. Surrendering to the joys of technologically-induced cloud nine. Ma is thrilled that. for literally executing no labor at all. ‘they will be rich for of all time and ever’ ( 1997. p. 235 ) . Not all the hi-tech devices that Ginny delivers to the givers are designed to featherbed the organic structure. nevertheless. In the really first scene of the drama. shortly after Om’s return with a new ‘job’ . representatives of Interplanta Services. his new employers. flatboat into the donors’ place to put in a series of appliances. As Om. Jaya and Ma ticker. they dismantle the family’s fundamental kitchen and replace it with their ain cookery device and jars incorporating motley nutrient pellets. They so put in a Contact Module. a device that hangs from the ceiling and which looks. Padmanabhan tells us. like a ‘white. faceted globe’ ( 1997. p. 221 ) . Each clip the device springs to life. Ginny. the American who has purchased Omâ€℠¢s organic structure. is able to do contact with the donor household. I wish to brood at length on the sci-fi appliance that is the contact faculty. What interactions between the givers and the receiving system does the contact faculty license? And what does this device let Padmanabhan to accomplish on phase? Let us get down with this latter inquiry. Ginny communicates with the giver household merely through the contact faculty. She is therefore neer physically present on the phase. a fact that is extremely important because Padmanabhan’s chosen genre – theater – is explicitly concerned with a touchable. embodied and physical presence on phase. Yet throughout the drama. Ginny is merely of all time seeable in two-dimensions. on the screen of the contact faculty. The lone corporal performing artists on the phase are the racially and visually distinguishable organic structures of the third-world givers. Therefore. the audience has no pick but to stare on a organic structure whose sheer presence on phase challenges the supposed farness of the labouring and now cannibalised organic structure. the really organic structure that capitalist production in the epoch of globalization has displaced into the distant third-world. Furthermore. the contact-module allows Padmanabhan to set up a construction of staring and surveillance that mirrors the function of the audience. For. like the receiving system. the audience excessively. regards at the lone physical organic structures on phase: the givers. The audience is therefore impelled into an uncomfortable designation with the receiving system. the really entity who is responsible for the objectification of third-world organic structures that the drama so overtly criticises. Keeping the first-world receiver’s organic structure remote serves a 2nd intent. It allows Padmanabhan to signal to the profound tensenesss underlying the predatory relationship between givers and receiving systems. The True. this state of affairs would be well different if the drama were performed in a third-world state. The third-world organic structures on phase would be more familiar to the audience. whereas the first-world American character would be seeable in the same manner as the bulk of third-world audiences are already accustomed to from telecasting. film and magazines: in two dimensions. However. Padmanabhan has herself admitted that. frustrated by the deficiency of chances for English-language dramatists in India. she originally wrote Harvest for production in the first-world. when she entered the drama for ( and subsequently won ) the inaugural Onassis Prize for Theatre ( Gilbert. 2001. p. 214 ) . Yet. on the other manus. the third-world organic structure produces in its new proprietor. the first-world receiving system. a profound anxiousness. For like the receiver’s ain organic structure. the donor’s organic structure excessively is vulnerable to the invasion of disease and devolution that must be kept at bay at all costs. First. so. the contact faculty enables Ginny to step in in the donor universe without holding to put pes in the geographical location that the givers inhabit. Nor would she desire it any other manner. She has purchased the rights to Om’s variety meats in order to fend off disease and decease and has no purpose of put on the lining a visit to their unhygienic homes. Second. the contact faculty allows Ginny to patrol the day-to-day wonts of the givers in order to guarantee that the variety meats that will one twenty-four hours be hers remain healthy excessively. Therefore. gaining. after the first visit. that Om’s household portions a lavatory with 40 other households. Ginny reacts with horror. ‘It’s wrong’ . she exclaims. ‘It’s disgusting! And I – good. I’m traveling to alter that. I can’t accept that. I mean. it’s insanitary! ’ ( 1997. p. 225 ) . Consequently. Interplanta is commissioned to put in a lavatory in their place that really same twenty-four hours. The regular monitoring that the contact faculty permits is rendered even more effectual given that merely the receiving system is able to run it at will. Om’s household neer knows when Ginny will ‘visit’ them following. By the gap of Act II of the drama. we see how good her scheme is working. Two months have elapsed. and Om is panicking because they are late for tiffin. ( Lunch. of class. consists of the motley nutritionary pellets provided for them by Interplanta Services. ) ‘You know how [ Ginny ] hates it when we’re tardily to eat’ . Om says. worriedly ( 1997. p. 228 ) . The contact faculty therefore allows the receiving system to set up a lasting construction of surveillance in Om’s place. Fearing Ginny’s reproof. or worse. a revoking of his contract. Om urges his full household to patrol their ain behavior. The co ntact faculty inculcates self-discipline. rendering the donors’ bodies into perfect sites of ‘docility-utility’ . optimum sites. in other words. from which to pull out the healthiest possible organ ( Foucault. 1995. pp. 135-169 ) . Ginny is careful. nevertheless. to supply the givers with plentifulness of amenitiess to counterbalance them for their attempts. When the drape lifts for Act II of the drama. the phase reveals that. a mere two months subsequently. the donors’ family is to the full equipped with an air-conditioning unit. a mini-gym and a glimmer. fully-equipped kitchen ( 1997. p. 227 ) . Ginny reminds the household that by featherbeding them so. she is merely carry throughing her ain contractual duties: ‘I acquire to give you things you’d neer acquire in your life-time. and you get to give me. well†¦ possibly my life’ ( 1997. p. 230 ) . Ginny’s insouciant sentence serves as a jolting and upseting reminder that receiving systems and givers barely trade in equivalents: Ginny provides ‘things’ for which the givers pay her dorsum in their ain lives. In fact. Ginny’s continual gifts sum to little more than mere investing. As she says to the household. falsifying the pronunciation of Om’s name:The Most Important Thing is to maintain Auwm smiling. Coz if Auwm’s smiling. it means his organic structure is smiling and if his organic structure is smiling it means his variety meats are smiling. And that’s the sort of variety meats that’ll survive a graft best. smiling organs†¦ ( 1997. p. 229 ) Reading the receiver’s actions as an investing permits us to return. one time once more. to the analogues between the human organic structure and land that the play’s rubric. Harvest. alludes to. The term efficaciously assimilates the whole human organic structure. from which the portion is extracted. to a crop-producing secret plan of land. and therefore. by extension. to the possibility that land seaports of bring forthing life. The extractible human organic structure portion is consequently assimilated to the output or harvest ; this is the trade good with echt use-value. the portion that it is profitable to detach from the whole. In order to obtain the best possible crop. as Ginny is well-aware. one must non merely choose the best possible site in which to put: one must keep a continued investing in this site. Quality input will bring forth quality end product: viz. . a healthy crop. The workability of the analogy I present here is. nevertheless. limited. An ideal agricultural economic system is sustainable. The organ. one time extracted. is irredeemable. This. nevertheless. affairs small to the receiving system. who sees the organic structures of the donor universe as disposable organic structures comprised of spare parts she can utilize to protract her ain life. And yet. while all the givers fall quarry to Ginny’s tactics. Padmanabhan uses Jaya. the lone character in the drama who is virulently opposed to Om’s determination. to repossess a human self-respect of kinds. a self-respect that allows Jaya to defy the enticement of money and the seductive escape of engineering. It is a self-respect that is predicated. I contend. on the very restrictions of the physical organic structure that the receiving systems are so despairing to get the better of. The concluding scene of the drama sees merely Jaya on phase. Om has abandoned her. holding willfully chosen to seek out Ginny and give up his organic structure to her. Ma is plugged into her VideoCouch. unmindful to her milieus. Jaya awakes to an unfamiliar. discorporate voice coming from the contact faculty. This is Virgil. yet another American receiving system with designs to feed upon Jaya’s organic structure. Jaya. nevertheless. garbages to negociate with Virgil every bit long as he attempts to draw the strings from his safe. disease-free environment in the first-world. She is determined to put down her ain conditions. If Virgil wants her organic structure. he must come to her in individual. ‘I know you’re stronger than me. you’re richer than me. But if you want me. ’ she insists. ‘you must put on the line your tegument for me’ ( 1997. p. 248 ) . Boasting that she can non win against him. Virgil sends his Interplanta employees to interrupt down Jaya’s door. But Jaya has discovered ‘a new definition for winning. Wining by losing’ ( 1997. p. 248. accent added ) . She announces to Virgil that she plans to repossess the ‘only thing [ she ] ha [ s ] which is still [ her ] ain: [ her ] death’ ( 1997. p. 248 ) . Therefore. Jaya resists Virgil’s progresss and retains her ain self-respect in one Swift shot: she embraces the really mortality that Virgil and his fellow receiving systems seek to eliminate from their ain organic structures. ‘I’m keeping a piece of glass against my throat’ . she warns an progressively frustrated Virgil ( 1997. p. 248 ) . The drama concludes on this unso lved note. While Virgil weighs his options. Jaya threatens ( promises? ) to repossess her ain organic structure through self-destruction. Padmanabhan therefore leaves us to chew over a sobering inquiry: is a triumph that requires the decease of the exploited mark of millennian capitalist economy truly worthy of being termed an act of opposition? Harvest poses a powerful review of the first-world’s development of third-world organic structures for the trade goods of labour-power and. as the late emerged trade in variety meats shows. wellness. Should third-world persons resist such commoditization? Indeed. can they? While oppositions of organ markets embrace human self-respect as an unalienable right that no person should hold to release. the black market in human variety meats continues to be the lone solution for those who have no other assets to sell. In this context. Padmanabhan’s impression of ‘winning by losing’ seems a disturbingly disposed manner to specify the third-world individual’s quandary: lose your ain body-part to win the hard currency. Bibliography Bauman. Z. . 1998. ‘Ageing and the Sociology of Embodiment’ . in G. Scrambler and P. Higgs ( explosive detection systems ) . Modernity. Medicine and Health: Medical Sociology towards 2000. New York: Routledge. pp. 216-33. Cherry. M. . 2005. Kidney for Sale by Owner. Washington. D. C. : Georgetown University Press. Cohen. L. . 2002. ‘The Other Kidney: Biopolitics beyond Recognition’ . in N. Scheper-Hughes and L. Wacquant ( explosive detection systems ) . Commodifying Bodies.London: Sage. pp. 9-31.Comaroff. Jean and Comaroff. John. 2000. ‘Millennial Capitalism: First Thoughts on a Second Coming’ . Public Culture. 12 ( 2 ) . pp. 291-343. Foley. D. . 1986. Understanding Capital. Cambridge: HarvardUniversity Press.Foucault. M. . 1995 ( 1975 ) . Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York: Vintage.Gilbert. H. . 2001. ‘Introduction to Harvest’ . in H. Gilbert ( erectile dysfunction ) . Postcolonial Plaies: An Anthology. New York: Routledge. pp. 214-6.Hardt. M and Negri. A. . 2004. Multitude. New York: Penguin.Harris. J and Erin. C. A. . 2003. ‘An Ethical Market in Human Organs’ . The Journal of Medical Ethics. 29 ( 3 ) . pp. 137-8.Harvey. D. . 2000. ‘The Work of Postmodernity: The Laboring Body in Global Space’ . in J. E. D avis ( erectile dysfunction ) . Identity and Social Change. New Brunswick: Transaction. pp. 27-51.Marx. K. . 1990 ( 1867 ) . Capital I. London: Penguin.Marx. K. . 1991 ( 1894 ) . Capital III. London: Penguin.Padmanabhan. M. . 2001 ( 1997 ) . ‘Harvest’ . in H. Gilbert ( erectile dysfunction ) . Postcolonial Plaies: An Anthology. New York: Routledge. pp. 217-50.Scheper-Hughes. N. . 1998. ‘The New Cannibalism: A Report on the International Traffic in Human Organs’ . New Internationalist. 300. pp. 14-17.Scheper-Hughes. N. . 2001.16 hypertext transfer protocol: //www. publicanthropology. org/TimesPast/Scheper-Hughes. htm ( Accessed 10 June 2005 )Scheper-Hughes. N. . 2000. ‘The Global Traffic in Human Organs’ . Current Anthropology. 41 ( 2 ) . pp. 191-224.Waldby. C and Mitchell. R. . 2006. Tissue Economies. Durham: Duke University Press.

buy custom Linear B and Related Scripts essay

buy custom Linear B and Related Scripts essay Artifacts basically refer to objects that are made and shaped by man, particularly those that have a relation with archeology. They are mostly found in the form of weapons, tools, and ornaments which bear historical interest. Linear A and Linear B are some of the old artifacts writing discovered in Greek and Crete. Linear B is an ancient script commonly used in the ancient Mycenean culture, this ancient writing were inscribed on a clay tablets and can be traced back to the years of 1350 BC also known as the Neopalatial Period or the Bronze age. This paper attempts to analyze Linear Bs relation with other artifacts like Rosseta stone, its comparison with Linear A and then gives some details regarding Sir Walker Evans, Ventris and Chadwell who were some of the major founders of this ancient writings. This ancient writing was first deciphered by Michael Ventris, an amateur philologist, jointly with John Chadwick another Philologist among other archeology scholars. Though Linear B was discovered on the Greece mainland, the writing system was designed for a language other than Greek. There are several constant clusters that miss from Linear B, These constants are such as the distinction of g and k, r and l, as well as p and b which are present in Greek. These raises issues of the possibility of the Mycenaean writer picking a Linear B script that existed already. A good example of Linear B artifact is the Rosetta stone. It was discovered in Egypt near the town of Rosetta in 1799 by Captain Pierre-Francois Bouchard. He noticed that the stone had some linguistic clue when he found it while working on Napoleons fortresses for his invading army. This stone is basically a carved slab of black basalt that contains some writing that is organized in three alphabets. It was only but a portion of a larger stone since its three texts are incomplete. Among the 32 lines craved on it, 14 were damaged leaving only the last 14 lines to be seen clearly. An analysis of the discovered portion suggests that the Rosetta stone is approximately 59 inches in height. This stone is thus an original steel, that is a stone or a wooden slab that is generally wide and height in nature. The priests who gathered at the Memphis were responsible for the issuing of the stone during the period of the dynasty of Ptolemaic. Its carvings date back up to 196 BC, when Ptolemy V was the Pharaoh at that time. This stele is a clear indication that the resident priesthood were issued with a tax exemption. The actual origin of this stele is unknown although there are possibilities that its origin is the royal town of Sais. The Rosetta stone is thought to have been re-used in the construction as quarries. The Mycenean culture is well known to have used Linear B which was in form of a script, used for the first time around 1350BC and basically inscribed on clay tablets in Knossos, the Mycenaean site. Michael Ventris, the philologist deciphered Linear B with the assistance of John Chadwick a fellow professional philologist and Alice Kober who was a scholar and described it as a form used in ancient Greek. It was Arthur Evans in 1900 who found the two ancient scripts Linear A and Linear B on some clay tablets. Comparing Linear A and Linear B, Linear A was a bit order than Linear B, dating back to the years 1550-1700 BC, whereas Linear B was around 1200-1500 BC. Even tough Linear B was deciphered by John Chadwick and Michael Ventris back in the year 1950s. So far, scholars attempts to decode Linear B have been blocked totally. Many scholars believe that Linear B was adapted from an earlier script probably Linear A. Attempts to decipherer Linear A have began though not entirely on the premise that ancient writing Linear A was used in writing of an old archaic Greek. Unlike Linear B, Linear A has not been linked with any language family. Linear A is largely unknown and this has in turn forced scholars to develop a functional comparison of Linear A and Linear B. With over 90 symbols, Linear A has a handful of logograms similar with Linear B. Linear B and Linear A share a lot of large number signs, almost 80%, thats why most interpretation of Linear A have been done using values from Linear B somehow to a reasonable success. From research done on the two ancient language, it has been observed that Linear A could probably did not represent any Greek language unlike Linear B. Linear A language is not similar to any world known language. Among the major similarity between Linear A and Linear B is based on the fact that both inscriptions give an accounting list of commodities. Using Linear B one can far best understand Linear A. Here is a good example of an accounting list of goods from Hagia Triada. Looking at the above image, the text begins with some form of an introductory sign sequence, (in Linear B, the text is readable as ka-u-de-ta), the introductory sequence is then followed by a logogram for the commodity wine , from there the sequence is followed by a group of signs and then numbers. The logogram illustrates the table records. Every group is likely to illustrate the name of an individual and then the quantity of wine allocated to the person, regardless of whether receiving or giving. The main significant difference between Linear B and Linear A is the fact that Linear A was mostly used for personal objects regarding religious dedications in the Greek votive inscriptions. Below is a stone ladle found Troullos and offers one the best examples of Linear A. To read this text one would need to apply Linear B. The sequence used is highly interesting since it appears in other votive inscriptions of other different variants. Apparently Liner B kept its secrets for a very long time from those working on its solution. Its decipherment never aligned with the publication of Sir Arthur Evans on Linear B. These tablets were discovered by Blegen in Pylos. The tablets were attributed to the final stage of Mycenaean Age, which related to the Heroic Age of Troy although it ended abruptly. Despite the discovery of Linear B tablets in Greeces mainland, the language that they were written in was never thought to be Greek. The main reason behind this doubt is due to the fact the Ionian age was separated by five hundred years from the Mycenaean Age. Another underlying fact behind this reasoning is that it was not until the eight century that the Greek writing first appeared. Consequently, the philologists efforts to read the tablets turned out unfruitful, and all the hints that were associated to the results were apparently negative. The eight century marked the end of the Mycenaean culture and later the rise of the Ionic times although no centuries inntervened. This thus shows that there is a close link between the Mycenaean heritage and the Ionic culture. With this regard, Linear B script proves not to Greek. The earliest form of Greek was the Mycenaean Greek and used the syllabic script of Linear B for writing. Linear B came earlier than the Greek alphabet by several centuries and consequently ceased to exist with the fall of Mycenaean civilization. The major areas where Liner B inscribed clay tablets were found are Thebes, Cydonia, Knossos, Pylos as well as Mycenae. It is rather unfortunate that the Greek Dark Ages succeeds this period and apparently does not give any evidence related to writing. Linear B was never used unless it was an administrative context. Basically only a small number of unlike hands were perceived among the thousand clay tablets. Among these, Pylos was found to have 45, and Knossos 66. This brought up the thought that only the professional scribes who apparently served in the central palaces were given the privilege of using the script, and unfortunately the script disappeared when the palaces were destroyed. There are approximately 200 signs associated with Linear B and are divided into syllabic signs which contain phonetic values as well ideograms which consists of semantic values. These signs have been represented and the standardization of their naming has been made possible through the international colloquia, the very first being in Paris in 1956. The Wingspread Convention proposed by Emmett L. Bennett,Jr. was adopted by a new organization and affiliated in 1970 by the fifth colloquia. There are also a large number of ideograms used by Linear B and express both the type of object concerned as well as a unit of measure. These ideograms appear at the end of a line just before a number for the sole purpose of determining the given number applies to what object. Unfortunately there are many values which remain unknown in the system. Clothes and containers for instance are grouped into different categories represented by distinct ideograms with animals being categorized with respect to their sex. Ventris and Bennett were the first individuals to devise the numerical references for the ideograms. They divided these numerical references into functional groups that corresponded to Bennetts index breakdown. The numerical references for the ideograms were originally devised by Ventris and Bennett, divided into functional groups corresponding to the breakdown of Bennett's index. These groups are numbered beginning 100, 110, 120 etc., with some provision of spare numbers for future additions; the official CIPEM numberings used today are based on Ventris and Bennett's. In conclusion, the decipherment of Linear B has been very essential in the study of artifacts particularly the interpretation of Linear A. It is clear that the language used in Linear B is in no way related to the Greek language. Apparently Linear B misses some major constants and are present in Greek thus eliminating any doubt of its relation to Greek language. There is a clear distinction between Linear A and Linear B based on the fact that unlike Linear B, Linear A was used to for personal objects regarding religious dedications in the Greek votive inscriptions. On the other hand, Linear A has not been linked with any language family unlike Linear B. Buy custom Linear B and Related Scripts essay

Middle Eastern Female Contemporary Artists Essay

Middle Eastern Female Contemporary Artists - Essay Example The essay "Middle Eastern Female Contemporary Artists" explores the Female Contemporary Artists of Middle East. Elements of the theater arts are evident in marriage ceremonials, funeral practices and performances of traditional music. Arab artists draw inspiration from the vestiges of the region's ancient cultures, combining older iconography with new insights to create fresh artistic expressions. This fusion of elements is evident in the works of several artists who have been influenced by the ancient symbols of Mesopotamia and the rich imagery of Coptic art. Sawsan Amer's works on glass, for instance, combine traditional iconography with personal imagery, mixing the direct frontality of Coptic icons with representations of birds, both real and imagined. Another artist who joins ancient and contemporary references is Liliane Karnouk from Egypt. "My paintings are in search of a definite cultural union," says the artists. "I belong to a generation trapped between Western and Oriental values." She expresses her search for union by combining tree bark from Canada and the papyrus paper from Egypt in installations such as Black and Green, 1992. This work expresses her helpless outrage at the senseless violence of the Gulf War. The black paperworks represent an initial outlet for her mourning for the human and environmental victims of the conflict. The large spatial canvases were conceived as a visual requiem. The tree bark and green seedlings emerge as a source of renewal. The art of Effat Nagui, a 92-year.... The black paperworks represent an initial outlet for her mourning for the human and environmental victims of the conflict. The large spatial canvases were conceived as a visual requiem. The tree bark and green seedlings emerge as a source of renewal. The art of Effat Nagui, a 92-year-old Egyptian artist "who lives in history," draws upon the ancient cultures of northern Africa. One of the pioneers of modern art in Egypt, Nagui was the first woman artist to have a work acquired by the Museum of Modern Art in Cairo, in 1928. Her mixed media works like Icon of the Nile. 1991 (Amirsadeghi, Mikdadi & Shabout, 2009, 167-185) unite concentric circles and the venerable outline of the mummy with remnants of Coptic parchment and crocodile skins to create contemporary images that utilize the magic of antiquity. As Nagui says: "Sometimes the artist needs to use materials and forms from ancient folk art so that he may touch the invisible bases which erected original art. Art is the result of assimilated and inherited culture." (Madkour, 2006, 19-21) Nagui's wooden sculptured surfaces, influenced by Nubian architecture, testify to the dynamic and symbolic roles of art forms. These and other contemporary Arab artists draw inspiration from the past. The Arab East has seen a succession of major civilizations, each creating its own art forms. This is precisely what civilizations are about--creative, centripetal power which fuses old elements with new ideas, giving birth to original and specific new expression. (McEvilley, 2007, 19-21) The Art of Politics The Arab East has been a battleground in the 19th and 20th centuries. War has been a critical feature of recent history in the region, and wars, per se, create turmoil in a society, accelerating the normal

RESEARCH CRITIQUE Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

RESEARCH CRITIQUE - Assignment Example In addition it shows that elements of music such as pitch, melody and harmony elicit a wide range of emotional responses. The samples that were taken for the study was dependent on the researcher social network via snowballing sample technique, which has a bias in sample selection. In addition, the participants were aware that they were carrying out research, and since blinding was not possible Hawthorne effect may distort the results. The ethical aspects were considered in the following aspects: An approval letter was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of the University, the nurse explained to the participants the purpose of the study and they gave informed consent. In addition, confidentiality was observed and any participant was able to stop participating in the study unconditionally. In week 1, part one of the data collection was administered for all the groups. For experimental group, part 2 was administered as baseline after five minutes of rest period and before 30 minutes of music intervention. Both non-music and music intervention were carried out in a quiet and restful environment without interruptions. For participants in the music intervention, after 30 minutes music intervention, the research nurse stopped the music and collected participants data immediately. For those in the non-music, after the 30 minutes the research nurse collected their data immediately. This was done for subsequent week 2 to 8. Using RM ANCOVA adjusted by baseline depression scores of demographic characteristic to test for depression between groups yielded significant difference (p=0.016). No significant difference was found between week 2 (p=0.639), week 3 (p=0.213) and week five (0.089. However there was a significant difference between groups at week 4 (0.0005), week 6 (p=0.012, week 7 (p=0.008) and week 8 (p=0.0006. from these results it can be stated that there is a significant music influence on depression. The music group had a considerable

No topic Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 10

No topic - Assignment Example This is a perfect representation of democracy as it is the voters’ opinions that are reflected on the elected leaders. #2.The voters are allowed to make independent choices too. They are never forced towards making a decision that satisfies the previous leaders’ wishes. Instead, they are issued with at least two leaders or choices to make in case of a referendum in the ballot paper. Hence, it is up to a voter to make his choice, which counts, in the final tally of the total. #3. In the aftermath of the elections, there are losers too. They are rather termed as the minority in the government. The minority are guaranteed rights such as freedom of speech and expression and the right to access the media/press. #4. All these actions of the minority are in an attempt to keep the majority (government) on toes to fulfil their promises to the citizens and live up to the expectations of a good government. The government then leads the country effectively and cannot be subdued by personal opinions/

Enlightenment of Sammy in John Updikes A&P :: A&P John Updike

The Enlightenment of Sammy in Updike’s A & P  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In John Updike's short story, "A & P," the main character, Sammy, is a cashier at a small grocery store. He is seen by many to be a sexist pig, describing in detail how he sees the three girls that walk in to the store. Sammy is in fact a sexist pig by what he says about them. With evidence and quotes from the story, Sammy can be determined to be a sexist pig. He describes the first girl he sees walking in the store as "a chunky kid, with a good tan and a sweet broad soft-looking can with those two crescents of white just under it..." (421). Although the comment was kept to himself, in mind it is a sexist comment. Though the girl was in a bathing suit and there was no beach around, she probably wasn't trying to get the attention of young guys. She was just there to "pick up a jar of herring snacks" (423). Describing the girl's "can" (421), meaning her backside, gives Sammy some credit of being a sexist pig. Sammy slowly begins to see the other two girls follow the first. He notices n ot only what they're wearing, but what the little clothing that they have on covers up. "This clean bare plane of the top of her chest down from the shoulder bones like a dented sheet of metal tilted in the light" (421). With this quote, he is describing how the bathing suit was slipping off the girl, but in a more demeaning manner. "With the straps pushed off, there was nothing between the top of the suit and top of her head except just her..." (421). Sammy describes that he just sees the girl, a one-nighter type. He doesn't see that she's a human, but just a plaything. One other quote/thought that Sammy has while these girls (whom remain nameless throughout the story), is when the one he calls Queeny takes her money from "the hollow at the center of her nubbled pink top" (423). He begins to get excited as he uncreases the bill as "it just having come from between the two smoothest scoops of vanilla [he] had ever known there were" (424). Sammy seems to be more of a sexist pig, as t he reader proceeds through the story.

Banyan Tree Essay

Minimal advertising, still high level of brand awareness through company’s public relations and global marketing programs. Faced the challenge of translating and maintaining the success of a niche Asian hospitality brand into various market segments on a global scale ‘Innovative niche product that could also bridge the price gap in this market’ Building a resort comprising individual villas with locally inspired architectural design and positioned as a romantic and intimate escapade for guests; ‘Sanctuary for the senses’. Banyan Tree Gallery: ‘local culture and heritage and promoting cottage Crafts, retail outlet showcasing indigenous crafts, works closely with village cooperatives and not-for-profit craft marketing agents. Marketing: high-end travel magazines in key markets – public relations – global marketing programs (increase editorial coverage) – few key wholesalers in each targeted market – agents specializing in exlusive luxury holidays targeted at wealthy customers – membership in the Small Luxury Hotels and Leading Hotels of the World – GDS cose ‘BY’ (own global distribution system used by travel providers to process airline, hotel, car rental and other distribution partners around the world. Actively caring for the natural and human environment, revitalizing local communities, worked actively to preserve, protect, and promote the natural and human environments in which BYT resorts where located. Minimizing the impact on the environment Green Communities = planted trees, engage local communities, associates, guests to share the causes of climate change and actions that can reduce our collected carbon footprint. Green Imperative Fund to further support community-based and environmental initiatives in the regions where it has a presence. The company believed in building profitable resorts that would benefit the surrounding environment and contribute to local economies through the creation of employment and community development projects. Businesses with local farmers and traders by making it a point to purchase fresh produce from them. Community Relations Department was set up to develop and manage community outreach programs. Seedling: BTHR’s formalized program which aimed to help young adults from local communities and motivate them and provide the means for completing their education to successfully enter the labor force as adults. Future: openening city hotels and angsana hotels in Dubai and London (angsana brand in response to the demand for hotel operators in Asia that were keen to introduce spa services in their hotel, it is more contemporary and affordable brand. Musem Shop by banyan tree: joint partnetship with Singapor’s national heritage board to showcase Asi’a rich and diverse cultural heritage through unique museum-inspired merchandise. Banyan Tree Holdings (Banyan Tree) is an investment holding company involved in managing and developing premium resorts, hotels and spas in the Asia Pacific. To date, the Banyan Tree Group manages and/or has ownership interests in close to 36 hotels and resorts, around 73 spas, 91 galleries and 3 golf courses in 28 countries The company operates in Asia, Mexico and Morocco, New Zealand, Africa, Dubai, and the UK. Banyan Tree operates through three business segments: hotel investment, property sales, and fee-based. 1: The hotel investments segment relates to hotel and restaurant operations. 2: The property sales segment comprises hotel residences, Laguna property sales and development project/site sales. Hotel residences business relates to the sale of hotel villas or suites which are part of hotel operations, to investors under a compulsory leaseback scheme. Laguna property sales business relates to the development and sale of properties which are standalone vacation homes in Laguna Phuket. Development project/site sales relates to pure development land sales or development land sales which are fully or partially developed with infrastructure. 3: The fee-based segment comprises the management of hotels and resorts, the management of an asset-backed destination club, the management of private-equity funds, the management and operation of spas, the sales of merchandise, the provision of archite ctural and design services, the management and ownership of golf courses, and rental of retail  outlets and offices. The company’s subsidiaries (dochterbedrijf) include Banyan Tree Spa Bangkok, Banyan Tree Spa Bintan, Banyan Tree Spa Ringha, Banyan Tree Spa Phuket, Banyan Tree Sanya, and Banyan Tree Macau, among others. Banyan Tree Holdings (Banyan Tree) is engaged in the management and development of premium resorts, hotels and spas. The company’s key services include the following. Hotel and restaurant operations Sale of hotel villas or suites – Development and sale of properties – Pure development land sales – Management of hotels and resorts – Management of an asset-backed destination club – Management of private-equity funds -Management and operation of spas – Architectural and design services – Management and ownership of golf courses – Rental of retail outlets and offices. The following companies are the major competitors of Banyan Tree Holdings Limited: Central Plaza Hotel Public Company Limited – Four Seasons Hotels Inc – Associated International Hotels Ltd In the past few years, such events risks as the Tohoku earthquake and tsunami, bird flu, floods and riots in Thailand have been hard on our industry, causing tourism as a whole to dry up in their wake. By comparison, economic recessions are part and parcel of the business cycle, which we are able to take in our stride and counter with a variety of measures. During the year, the world remained mired in the European sovereign debt crisis and American economic weakness. Although these conditions affected our arrivals primarily from Europe, we were able to capitalise on the flourishing Chinese market. At our four resorts in the Maldives, for example, the number of Chinese guests surpassed those from Europe. In our continuing efforts to rebalance the Group’s assets, we made the bar gain purchase of Banyan Tree Seychelles which gave rise to a net gain. We also sold and leased back Angsana Velavaru in January 2013. The hybrid structure of this deal is a first for Banyan Tree, and we are pleased with how it allows us to rebalance our portfolio while still participating in the profits from the operations of Angsana Velavaru. 2012: with overall revenue growing 3% to S$338.4 million. Due to improved results from our hotel investments and fee-based businesses, as well as a higher contribution from completed sales of property units. Group EBITDA was S$74.5 million, up 51% on the back of higher revenue and a gain on the  bargain purchase of Banyan Tree Seychelles. This in turn resulted in PATMI increasing by 856% (S$14.9 million), tempered by higher finance costs and income tax expenses. HOTEL INVESTMENTS Our hotel investments delivered a stronger performance in 2012, with Group-owned hotels posting total revenue of S$187.7 million, up 15% from the previous year. This was due to the higher contribution from our Thai properties and the consolidation of revenue from Banyan Tree Seychelles from 2Q12 onwards. These gains were partially offset by lower revenue from our Maldives properties as Banyan Tree Vabbinfaru and Angsana Ihuru were temporarily closed for refurbishment. As a result of the increase in revenue, EBITDA for this segment grew by a healthy 69% to S$36.6 million. PROPERTY SALES Revenue from property sales was S$42.7 million. The 36% decrease was due to the sale of development sites in Lijiang, Yangshuo and Huangshan to our China Fund in 2011. Excluding those transactions, revenue and EBITDA from property sales saw growth of 43% and 74% respectively, thanks to a higher contribution from completed sales of property units. FEE-BASED Total revenue from our fee-based businesses registered growth of 9% to reach S$108.0 million. This was attributable to an increase in fees from hotel management and architectural and interior design and other services. Accordingly, EBITDA for our fee-based businesses grew by 23%. 2013 appears to be another challenging year for the global economy. We anticipate continued weakness in our European target markets. In Asia, which has been the world’s economic engine these past four years, growth is likely to moderate. Despite the cooling of China’s economy, the tourism market both inbound and outbound is expected to continue to grow. The Chinese government is aggressively promoting domestic tourism as part of its strategy to increase domestic consumption, thereby cushioning the slowdown in export manufacturing. Banyan Tree’s strong branding and rapidly expanding footprint  in China will position us to take advantage of this trend. Our seven regional marketing offices in China will be invaluable in enabling us to tap the vast potential of this market and to enhance awareness of our hotels with key accounts in China. Our strategy going forward will include continuing with our asset rebalancing to unlock value and deploy capital to more promisi ng markets. At the same time, we are exploring the possibility of extending the successful Fund model into other areas. In terms of growing particular segments, we will be focusing on increasing income from our fee-based and property sales businesses. We have built the fee-based segment to a point where it now has an impetus of its own. On the property sales front, we plan to move into selling more primary and serviced residences. Primary residences under the Banyan Tree brand,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"We will also be going forward with the establishment of a third brand of residences to be wholly sold and managed by us.† Rather than compete with local property developers, we will leverage our branding and design skills to market to a niche audience in China. We will also be going forward with the establishment of a third brand of residences to be wholly sold and managed by us. Catering to an entirely new market of price-conscious buyers, these properties will be smaller in size yet deliver the quality and innovation that are hallmarks of Banyan Tree. Strongly associated with our brand is the concept of a triple bottom line. In our pursuit of economic, social and environmental success, we made major investments in resource conservation, training and benchmarking, greening and community efforts in 2012. Under the EarthCheck system of sustainability certification, we also planted in six-year a total to over 220,000 trees. Banyan Tree Hotels and Resorts offer an intimate retreat experience featuring its signature blend of romance, rejuvenation and exotic sensuality. Our philosophy is based on providing a place for rejuvenation of the body, mind and soul – a Sanctuary for the Senses. Placing special emphasis on providing guests with a sense of place, each Banyan Tree property is designed to fit into its natural surroundings, using indigenous materials as far as possible and reflecting the landscape and architecture of the destination. Pioneering  the tropical garden spa concept with Asian health and beauty remedies passed down from generations, Banyan Tree Spa was created as the signature experience in all Banyan Tree resorts, to complement the â€Å"Sanctuary for the Senses† wellness concept. With the emphasis on high service standards and consistency, therapists are professionally trained at Banyan Tree Spa Academies in Phuket, Thailand, and Lijiang, China. The Banyan Tree Gallery supp orts local communities by exhibiting and retailing indigenous handicrafts, which are also found in the resorts. A quintessential highlight of the Banyan Tree experience, Banyan Tree Gallery aspires to recreate the unique Banyan Tree experience with its extensive selection of Asian-style furnishings, Banyan Tree Spa collection, eco-friendly products, indigenous village handicrafts, ethnic apparel and accessories, and objects d’art. Banyan Tree Holdings Limited is a leading, international hospitality brand that manages and develops premium resorts, hotels and spas. Its innovative business model is based on seven business segments generating multiple income streams that is unique in itself within the hospitality industry. This formula of developing and managing complementary product offerings with in-house talent makes it difficult for competitors to duplicate with the same level of success. Banyan Tree’s vertically integrated business model comprises: Hotel investment– Banyan Tree owns and manages luxury hotels under its brands, as well as hotels that are managed by other world-class operators. Hotel management– Banyan Tree additionally manages properties under the Banyan Tree and Angsana brands for other owners. Canopy Marketing Group Pte Ltd – A company wholly owned by Banyan Tree Services, Canopy Marketing Group Pte Ltd provides high-level strategic insights on various global niche markets to drive top line performance of our diverse range of lifestyle products including hotels, resorts, spas, gallery, destination club and residential ownership. It has a full-suite of marketing capabilities specializing in the branding, marketing and promotion. Spa operations– Banyan Tree Spa pioneered the tropical garden spa concept, and has since grown to over 60 outlets worldwide. Gallery operations– The retail arm is consolidated under Banyan Tree Gallery, which comprises five brand segments located in over 70 stores worldwide. Hotel residences – Hotel inventory are primarily sold under the brand name Banyan Tree Residences. Property sales – Properties that are not part of hotel operations are sold by our subsidiary company, Laguna Resorts and Hotels, and its subsidiaries, in Laguna Phuket. Design and other services – Revenue from design services is earned by Architrave, Banyan Tree’s in-house architectural arm. Other service fees include income from operating golf clubs. Real Estate Hospitality Funds – Banyan Tree Capital was set upto tap private equity and other sources of investments in order to provide a cost efficient structure to fund the Group’s future developments. With about 8,000 associates of over 50 nationalities, the diversity of its workforce is a key feature of the Group and helps to inspire its international outlook. To address its talent development needs, Banyan Tree launched Banyan Tree Management Academy (BTMA) in 2008. This centralised training facility located in Phuket, Thailand will train future Banyan Tree leaders needed to sustain organisationa l effectiveness and to meet the demands of its rapid global growth. Part of Banyan Tree’s vision has always been to grow into a global business, with a portfolio of properties strategically placed around the world. The Group’s mission is inextricably intertwined with its commitment to corporate social responsibility and sustainable growth, as it continues to expand globally. The launch of Banyan Tree Residences, which allows investors to buy their own signature villa, townhouse or apartment in Banyan Tree resorts. Banyan Tree Private Collection was launched to cater to the growing niche for destination club membership 2005: Marking the group’s long awaited foray into China is Banyan Tree Ringha, in Yunnan. 2001: Banyan Tree established the Green Imperative Fund to formalise its corporate social responsibility efforts. The Banyan Tree Spa Academy was set up to provide training for new therapists as well as research new treatment recipes and techniques. Banyan Tree Capital is a real estate fund management company established by the Banyan Tree group, a renowned luxury hospitality company listed in Singapore, to focus on hospitality-based real estate investment. Banyan Tree Capital raises, develops and manages branded hospitality funds in key development markets of the Banyan Tree group. With a combination of fund management and asset development cap abilities, Banyan Tree Capital leverages on the group’s expertise in premium hospitality real estate development and  management to generate attractive investment returns for its investors. Banyan Tree Capital is headquartered in Singapore with offices in China and Vietnam. We have successfully achieved higher room rates than the existing market in locations such as Lijiang, the Maldives and Seychelles. We have also found that our iconic brands also help raise the value of the surrounding land. Our innovative city products combine all the iconic elements of our brand and differentiate developers within established, high cost city markets. We have the flexibility and capabilities to adapt our model to various locations so as to maximize returns for the developer. As part of our strategy of enlarging our footprint in China, we will also be launching two more hotels in Shanghai and one in Tianjin, adding to our ever growing presence in various gateway cities. We are also employing our capabilities all across China, where large tracts of land are being developed into gated residences and luxury hotels offered to the Chinese elite. One of Banyan Tree’s prime concerns is its associates. We pride ourselves in providing high levels of service excellence and providing tailor made training and career development programmes for our employees. No stone is left unturned in regards to training and proper introduction before a Banyan Tree is put into operation. Trained to the basic standards of 5 star hotels. Employees were empowered to exercise creativity and sensitivity although the strict administrative rules of the management. Employees were taken to and from work in air-conditioned buses, access to various amenities (good-quality canteens, medical services, childcare facilities). Banyan Tree is one of the world’s biggest and well known spa operators. Our levels of quality and service are unparalleled and uncompromised. We are the only vertically integrated hospitality company with strong capabilities to tackle and anticipate the challenges of master planning and developing an integrated resort. We are able to take a property from inception to delivery with efficiencies that is entirely brand specific. Our  in-house design team, Architrave, and project services team are extremely involved in all phases of the development – master planning, designing, developing and coordinating, to ensure developers a timely delivery of their asset. Being experienced developers, we are able to ensure that efficiencies and economies of scale are maximized along with guest experiences. Bintan, the Maldives and Phuket where the Angsana resort is positioned next to a Banyan Tree resort with shared back of house facilities. This model has allowed us to lower costs without cannibalizing rates, thereby boosting returns for our developers.