Thursday, November 28, 2019

A Guaiacol Dye-Coupled Reaction Reports That Catalytic Activity of Peroxidase Isolated from Fresh Turnip (Brassica Rapa) Increases as Temperature Rises Essay Example

A Guaiacol Dye-Coupled Reaction Reports That Catalytic Activity of Peroxidase Isolated from Fresh Turnip (Brassica Rapa) Increases as Temperature Rises Paper Enzymes are proteins which serve to reduce the activation energy required for biological reactions (Russell and others 2010). This allows biologically important chemical reactions to occur rapidly enough to allow cells to carry out their life processes (Russell and others 2010). Enzymes are made of one or more polypeptide strands, which individually or as an associated complex take on a three-dimensional shape. When properly associated, these shapes form the active site and other supporting structures that allow enzymes to be effective catalysts (Nelson and Cox 2005). Temperature represents the average kinetic energy in an object or solution (Russell and others 2010). This energy causes rapid movement of dissolved particles, such as enzymes and substrate molecules, increasing the chances that they’ll contact each other in such a way as to allow a chemical reaction to occur (Nelson and Cox 2005). The kinetic energy may also influence the folding of the enzyme. If the weak and strong bonds involved in stabilizing the protein structure are disrupted, denaturation of the protein can occur, eliminating the enzyme’s effectiveness (Nelson and Cox 2005; Russell and others 2010). This experiment will investigate the effects of temperature on the enzyme kinetics – that is, the rate of an enzyme’s catalysis – of peroxidase isolated from turnip. We will write a custom essay sample on A Guaiacol Dye-Coupled Reaction Reports That Catalytic Activity of Peroxidase Isolated from Fresh Turnip (Brassica Rapa) Increases as Temperature Rises specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on A Guaiacol Dye-Coupled Reaction Reports That Catalytic Activity of Peroxidase Isolated from Fresh Turnip (Brassica Rapa) Increases as Temperature Rises specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on A Guaiacol Dye-Coupled Reaction Reports That Catalytic Activity of Peroxidase Isolated from Fresh Turnip (Brassica Rapa) Increases as Temperature Rises specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Plant peroxidases are involved in lignin formation, which is part of the cell wall (Cosio and Dunand 1985). Turnip roots contain peroxidases which are enzymes that can be easily extracted, and because peroxidases can liberate oxygen from hydrogen peroxide, their activity can easily be measured in the laboratory (Pitkin 1992). The rate of oxygen release is followed by measuring the rate of oxidation of guaiacol, which turns brown in the presence of oxygen and thus can be quantified in a spectrophotometer (Nickle 2009). We hypothesize that as we increase the temperature of reaction, kinetic energy will increase the frequency with which peroxidase engages hydrogen and the rate of guaiacol oxidation will increase. Because turnips grow in cool climates, often below 24oC (Pollock 2009), we expect that the optimal temperature for enzyme activity will be around room temperature or cooler, and temperatures in excess of this will cause denaturation of the enzyme and a concurrent loss of enzyme activity. METHODS AND MATERIALS A store-purchased turnip was scrubbed and rinsed with tap water. A razor blade was used to cut a 0. 5 g piece of tissue from the cortex. This was placed in a mortar along with 50 ml phosphate extraction buffer (0. 1 M, pH 7) and a pinch of sand. The tissue was ground to a slurry and then filtered through cheesecloth to form the extract used for all experiments after standardization. To ensure peroxidase was extracted from the turnip and that the reagents were suitable for the experiment, a positive control was performed. 2 ml of enzyme was added to a test tube containing 3 ml buffer, 2 ml H2O2, and 1 ml guaiacol dye. After quickly inverting twice to mix the fluids, the contents darkened. Standardization was performed to correct for differences in extraction techniques and tissue enzyme content. Three volumes of enzyme (0. 5, 1. 0, and 2. 0 ml) were tested. To ensure reactions did not begin prematurely, reaction components were placed into two separate test tubes. These were labelled â€Å"a† and â€Å"b† for each volume of extract, where â€Å"i† contained 0. 5 ml (dilute), â€Å"ii† held 1. 0 ml (medium), and â€Å"iii† had 2. 0 ml (concentrated) extract each (Table 1). The contents of paired tubes were combined in the tube containing the enzyme at â€Å"time zero†. This tube was mixed by inverting twice before 1 ml was transferred to a cuvette which was placed into a Genova spectrophotometer so the rate of absorbance change at 500 nm could be calculated. The concentration which gave the largest constant absorbance change (as shown by plotting absorbance over time) was used for subsequent experiments. The slope of each line in the plot was measured to determine the rate of guaiacol oxidation. The sample containing 0. ml fulfilled this criterion (data not shown). For all trials, the â€Å"a† tubes contained 2. 0 ml H2O2 and 1. 0 ml guaiacol, and â€Å"b† tubes contained 4. 5 ml buffer and 0. 5 ml enzyme extract. These were placed into the appropriate equilibrated water bath (see below) for 5 minutes prior to mixing and measuring their absorbance changes. For the temperature experiment, water baths were equilibrated at the desired temperatures of 4. 5oC, 10oC, 22. 5oC, 50oC and 80oC. To create the 4oC temperature, a beaker of water was placed in the refrigerator. Both â€Å"a† and â€Å"b† tubes were placed in racks in the appropriate water bath for 5 minutes prior to the time for them to be mixed together. Mixing was performed as described above, and the spectrophotometer was again used at 500 nm light. To determine if high temperature will alter results by degrading reagents (such as causing H2O2 to spontaneously release oxygen or make guaiacol oxidize independently of enzyme activity), we created a duplicate control tube (Table 1) and heated it to 80oC for 15 minutes. This negative control id not show an increase in absorption compared with the unheated control tube, so we concluded that the temperatures only affect molecule movements in the experiment. A similar test was done with the 4oC temperature and again no difference was measured. Three replicates were for each temperature. Rate of absorption change was established for each, and standard deviations between trials at each temperature were determined using Excel 2000 so ftware. RESULTS The positive control turned brown / beige constantly and continuously over about 1. 5 minutes. This was quite apparent to the naked eye. Controls exposed to high or low temperature without enzymes present did not show a different absorption than the control that remained at room temperature (data not shown). Reaction rate at lower temperatures was lowest at 4. 5oC at 0. 25 A500/min. This increased as temperature rose until a peak rate of 0. 52 A500/min at room temperature (22. 5oC) was noticed. At 50oC, the rate of oxidation declined to0. 39 A500/min and a reaction rate of 0. 05 A500/min was measured at 80oC (Figure 1). DISCUSSION The results indicate that enzyme activity does indeed increase as the temperature of the reaction is raised. The optimal temperature must lie between 10 and 50oC, but most likely is near temperature, possibly slightly cooler as turnips naturally grow in temperate climates (Pollock 2009). Enzymes are typically structured to function in a particular environment; usually one in which it normally functions (Russell and others 2010). The large standard deviation noticed for values collected at 10oC suggests that the true optimum may lie below room temperature. More measurements at this temperature could refine these values, giving a more precise average at this temperature. To find the optimal reaction temperature more accurately, a series of temperature intervals, perhaps 2oC apart and spanning 10oC to 50oC could be measured. It would be interesting to compare the precise optimal temperature for turnip peroxidase activity to the average temperature at which turnips naturally grow. A study that compares this to a peroxidase extracted from a tropical plant might also prove to be interesting. Investigating the reversibility of a weak thermal denaturation might also prove interesting. Thermal energy probably affects weak bonds, such as the hydrophobic, hydrophilic, and ionic associations, to the largest extent (Russell and others 2010). Denaturation might be prevented by stabilization with covalent linkages within and between polypeptide strands (Anfinsen and Haber 1961). Enzymes that are particularly susceptible to thermal damage are often supported by chaperonins or other proteins which can repair the denatured enzymes (Morimoto and others 2009). We plan to next identify the effects of denaturation, and whether it can be reversed by subsequent cooling. SUMMARY Plant peroxidases cause peroxides to break down and release oxygen. The rate of oxygen release can be calculated by observing the amount of oxidation that occurs with guaiacol insolution with peroxidase and its substrate. Enzyme activity was determined at 4oC, 10oC, 22oC, 50oC, and 80oC by measuring darkening of guaiacol. The highest amount of oxidation was recorded at 22oC. Enzyme activity was absent at 80oC, suggesting the enzyme denatured at this temperature. Enzyme activity correlates with the cool temperate conditions natural for this plant.

Monday, November 25, 2019

History of Swaziland in Africa

History of Swaziland in Africa Early Migrations: According to tradition, the people of the present Swazi nation migrated south before the 16th century to what is now Mozambique. Following a series of conflicts with people living in the area of modern Maputo, the Swazis settled in northern Zululand in about 1750. Unable to match the growing Zulu strength, the Swazis moved gradually northward in the 1800s and established themselves in the area of modern or present Swaziland. Claiming Territory: They consolidated their hold under several able leaders. The most important was Mswati II, from whom the Swazis derive their name. Under his leadership in the 1840s, the Swazis expanded their territory to the northwest and stabilized the southern frontier with the Zulus. Diplomacy with Great Britain: Contact with the British came early in Mswatis reign when he asked British authorities in South Africa for assistance against Zulu raids into Swaziland. It also was during Mswatis reign that the first whites settled in the country. Following Mswatis death, the Swazis reached agreements with British and South African authorities over a range of issues, including independence, claims on resources by Europeans, administrative authority, and security. South Africans administered Swazi interests from 1894 to 1902. In 1902 the British assumed control. Swaziland – A British Protectorate: In 1921, after more than 20 years of rule by Queen Regent Lobatsibeni, Sobhuza II became Ngwenyama (lion) or head of the Swazi nation. The same year, Swaziland established its first legislative body – an advisory council of elected European representatives mandated to advise the British high commissioner on non-Swazi affairs. In 1944, the high commissioner conceded that the council had no official status and recognized the paramount chief, or king, as the native authority for the territory to issue legally enforceable orders to the Swazis. Worries About Apartheid South Africa: In the early years of colonial rule, the British had expected that Swaziland would eventually be incorporated into South Africa. After World War II, however, South Africas intensification of racial discrimination induced the United Kingdom to prepare Swaziland for independence. Political activity intensified in the early 1960s. Several political parties were formed and jostled for independence and economic development. Preparing for Independence in Swaziland: The largely urban parties had few ties to the rural areas, where the majority of Swazis lived. The traditional Swazi leaders, including King Sobhuza II and his Inner Council, formed the Imbokodvo National Movement (INM), a group that capitalized on a close identification with the Swazi way of life. Responding to pressure for political change, the colonial government scheduled an election in mid-1964 for the first legislative council in which the Swazis would participate. In the election, the INM and four other parties, most having more radical platforms, competed in the election. The INM won all 24 elective seats. Constitutional Monarchy: Having solidified its political base, INM incorporated many demands of the more radical parties, especially that of immediate independence. In 1966 Britain agreed to discuss a new constitution. A constitutional committee agreed on a constitutional monarchy for Swaziland, with self-government to follow parliamentary elections in 1967. Swaziland became independent on 6 September 1968. Swazilands post-independence elections were held in May 1972. The INM received close to 75% of the vote. The Ngwane National Liberatory Congress (NNLC) received slightly more than 20% of the vote and three seats in parliament. Sobhuza Declares Absolute Monarchy: In response to the NNLCs showing, King Sobhuza repealed the 1968 constitution on April 12, 1973, and dissolved parliament. He assumed all powers of government and prohibited all political activities and trade unions from operating. He justified his actions as having removed alien and divisive political practices incompatible with the Swazi way of life. In January 1979, a new parliament was convened, chosen partly through indirect elections and partly through direct appointment by the King. An Autocratic Regent: King Sobhuza II died in August 1982, and Queen Regent Dzeliwe assumed the duties of the head of state. In 1984, an internal dispute led to the replacement of the Prime Minister and eventual replacement of Dzeliwe by a new Queen Regent Ntombi. Ntombis only child, Prince Makhosetive, was named the heir to the Swazi throne. Real power at this time was concentrated in the Liqoqo, a supreme traditional advisory body that claimed to give binding advice to the Queen Regent. In October 1985, Queen Regent Ntombi demonstrated her power by dismissing the leading figures of the Liqoqo. Call for Democracy: Prince Makhosetive returned from school in England to ascend to the throne and help end the continuing internal disputes. He was enthroned as Mswati III on April 25, 1986. Shortly afterward he abolished the Liqoqo. In November 1987, a new parliament was elected and a new cabinet appointed.In 1988 and 1989, an underground political party, the Peoples United Democratic Movement (PUDEMO) criticized the King and his government, calling for democratic reforms. In response to this political threat and to growing popular calls for greater accountability within government, the King and the Prime Minister initiated an ongoing national debate on the constitutional and political future of Swaziland. This debate produced a handful of political reforms, approved by the King, including direct and indirect voting, in the 1993 national elections.Although domestic groups and international observers criticized the government in late 2002 for interfering with the independence of the judiciary, parliame nt, and freedom of the press, significant improvements have been made concerning rule of law in the past two years. Swaziland’s Court of Appeals resumed hearing cases in late 2004 after a two-year absence in protest of the government’s refusal to abide by the court’s decisions in two important rulings. In addition, the new Constitution went into effect in early 2006, and the 1973 proclamation, which, among other measures, banned political parties, lapsed at that time.(Text from Public Domain material, US Department of State Background Notes.)

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Individual reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Individual reflection - Essay Example d three members and every member focused on their own part; I thought group presentations involved teamwork, where all the members discussed the whole assignment together. My part involved the critical analysis of the key economic, political, socio-cultural, and environmental factors influencing the destination of choice. Moreover, I tackled the background of the destination and the identification of the involvement of stakeholders in the planning process. Our group chose North Devon as the destination and analyzed the management plan. I felt enlightened to discover various aspects about North Devon. To begin with, we planned on how we were to meet for every discussion with the group members. At the first meeting, we read the guidance of the presentation requirements. Every member of the group was given their own role to research on. Every member of the group was required to make an outline of what they needed to do. The outline enabled me to be organized on my research from the initial to final stages of presenting the findings. All the members of the group tabled their outline for approval by the rest of the group members. The discussion groups helped me to keep on track with my research findings. We helped each other through sharing of information and the research process. The internet was a good source for me in the research and I shared this with all the group members. In addition, we also found the library books a good source of information, which provided concrete information regarding destination planning in tourism. However, I felt that it was so involving looking for p hysical books, while we could find the information and some of the books online. Moreover, we helped each other with any difficulty that we met in the investigation process. It was a challenge for us to determine the actual design of our PowerPoint presentation, but we had to compromise and assist each other in the determination and drafting of the actual work. This helped us to synthesize

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Networking Bachelor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Networking Bachelor - Essay Example A secured e commerce service is one of the major concerns for any corporation today in the growing business world. Today e-commerce has provided the gateway for any company to grow and at the same time has provided with its customers and consumers with all the facility to shop from the comfort of their home, while watching TV or listening to music. The major concern for any organization and/or corporation is to provide the necessary security for the online transaction either done through a bank or via any credit card company. Security has become a major concern in the 21st Century. This research work concentrates and focuses more on the e-commerce Security protocols and to improve. The aim is to understand e - commerce security critically and analyze it further into depth to provide more relevant information regarding e-commerce security. The greater part of research work has been dedicated to e-commerce security of electronic business and why the security is considered as very important and how each country spends significant amount of their capital available for security of their electronic business and the loss they may face in security breach of their competitive, confidential, data processing and business information. With the growing use of internet today people want to use more and more of the services available.

Monday, November 18, 2019

The Warren Court Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Warren Court - Term Paper Example But he was not what people assumed him to be. He changed a lot of things in his court. The remedial power of law was one of the things Earl Warren really believed in and he enforced this idea further as well. The center of attention of court was transferred to personal rights from property rights and great importance was given to ethical values as well as legal issues. The Warren court worked really hard for the civil rights of people. It strongly supported the Bill of Rights as well. The decisions made by the Warren Court brought about many vital changes in the society all over. The decisions mainly covered the issues like one-man, one vote; desegregation and the decisions made in the criminal courts. The Warren Court was considered to be too lenient towards the accused and was hindering the work of the police by doing this. The law enforcement agencies have been among the more influential groups engaged in criticizing the Warren Court (Lytle 1968). Before the Warren Court there wer e not very clear and strong rights given to the accused for his or her defense. They were also hesitant to give the accused constitutional rights. The right of the defendant to get a lawyer who is granted to him or her by the government was introduced in the Warren Court. The decisions which were made in the Warren Courts regarding various issues were undisputed while others were made through split court. The Warren Court mainly focused upon the constitutional regulation of criminal procedure instead of substantive criminal law. Some of the people argue that the efforts made by the chief justice Earl Warren to bring improvements to the criminal justice system are ambiguous and not certain. Chief justice Earl Warren brought about some primary changes in the criminal justice system. During its last eight years the Warren Court revolutionized criminal procedures, taking the lead in the development of American law in the twentieth century (Belknap & Warren 2004). It is also considered b y some to have brought about a criminal law revolution but on the other hand some think that it is barely and evolution in regard to the civil rights of the defendant. However, there is no doubt that the changes in criminal law system made in Warren Court have changed the way the criminal administration worked in United States permanently. In the Bill of Rights there were amendments that protected the rights of the defendant. The fourth amendment stated that the criminal defendant could not be arrested unlawfully and that legal court notice is required in order to search or seize the accused. According to the Fifth Amendment in the Bill of Rights the defendant was guaranteed the advantage against the self-incrimination. Last but not the least; in the sixth amendment the accused was given the right to a fast trial, compulsory process for witness and the right to a counsel for his defense. These amendments give rights to the criminal defendant and to further support these rights certa in rules were made like for example the accused have to be brought in front of the judicial officer as soon as he is arrested. The Warren Court expanded the right to counsel by ruling that criminal defendants charged with felonies in state courts do have fundamental right to an attorney even if they

Friday, November 15, 2019

Microeconomic and Macroeconomic Factors Influencing Toyota

Microeconomic and Macroeconomic Factors Influencing Toyota The company that has been chosen for the purpose of this assignment is the Toyota Corporation and the product that would be highlighted during this paper is going to be the Toyota Camry 2007 model. It is necessary to differentiate the difference between what are microeconomic factors and what are macroeconomic factors, the micro level economic factors are something that the company can exercise some level of control and can influence this environment to a certain degree but macroeconomic factors are such in nature that the company is unable to influence them by any means what so ever. On the literally terms, micro means small level and macro means on a larger scale. (Wessels, 2000). There are many factors that affect any company both on the micro as well as the macroeconomic level and it is of essence that companies realize these factors and potential factors so that they can survive in the long term, these factors are divided into two parts one is the consumers and the other is the company itself. (Samuelson, 2001). The microeconomic factors that affect a company or a product are Price: price is one of the single most if not the most important factor to be considered by the company in terms of microeconomic factors that affect the company. Price of a good determines the market share, what target market the product is trying to tap in to and how much of the good is going to be demanded and how much of it is going to be supplied by the company. (Samuelson, 2001). The price of a good determines if the consumers think that the product is worth buying or even worth contemplating upon, if prices are irrational for example a pie for $250 then the demand is almost certainly going to be negligible if not non-existent for this kind of product. The price is and can be influenced by the company by managing its supply effectively. Another important consideration that needs to be taken care of is the competitive prices in the economy for example if Honda Accord is priced between $18000-$20000 then the Toyota Camry needs to be priced in the similar range because they are ve ry close competitors in the US market, if Honda Accord prices its product lower than the Toyota Camry then it is almost certainly going to be able to get a larger pie of the target market given that all other things are kept constant or ceteris paribus rule applies. Opportunity Cost: The consideration of opportunity cost is extremely important when one talks about microeconomic factors, if Toyota Camry increases its prices then people would have to give up more money in order to purchase the same good i.e. their opportunity costs goes higher. (Wessels, 2000). This is where the concept of value for ones money steps in, if Camry is charging its customers $18000 then its value or its perceived value should be worth $18000 to the customer or else the customer would spend the $18000 where he or she deems that they would be much better spent. This is where the concept of studying the consumer comes in. (Lipsey, 2002). The concepts of price elasticity comes in here as well, if a small positive change in the price of Camry decreases the units demanded for Camry then Camry is highly price elastic but if the change in price only results in a small change in the units demanded then it is inelastic and it can afford to increase its prices. (Samuelson, 2001) . Cross elasticity is where Honda Accord decreases its prices and it affects the sales of the Toyota Camry, in this case it would be highly cross elastic but if no change or only a very minute change occurs then it is not cross elastic. Consumer Behavior: Consumers are people that eventually make or break a company, this is why they need to be studied and understood because they are a very potent force as far as the business is concerned. (Samuelson, 2001). Camry should understand what the consumers are looking for when they are making a decision to buy a car, is it safety? Is it durability? Is the fuel efficiency? Or is it all of the things mentioned before? When these questions have been answered and Camry has decided what market segment it is going to be in then it needs to position itself accordingly. Once this has been taken care of the company would then need to communicate what it stands for to the consumer (Glass, 2010) so that the consumer understands what the company is offering and matches the benefits that are being offered to the prices that are being demanded and make the decision whether to buy or not. (Lipsey, 2002). Another consideration that is extremely important for Toyota is that the costs of the cars that it is manufacturing should be at the lowest levels possible so that it gets the highest possible profits from each unit that is sold. How can the costs be controlled? There are a variety of factors into consideration when costs are involved, first of all Toyota should build strategic partnerships with all its vendors so that they are on board with the company strategy and are aware of what the company is trying to achieve. (Glass, 2010). Secondly it should increase the plant efficiency and also have a look at its processes and implement cost cutting measures where ever it can but most importantly the workers have to be trained to be efficient so that they are on board with the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s policies as well. (Samuelson, 2001). If the costs are too high for Toyota then certainly so would be the prices of Camry and hence this would render the product unsuccessful because competi tive brand would be able to capture a larger market share and may also be able to drive Camry out of business. Competition as highlighted above always has bearings on the company and its decisions and hence in a microeconomic environment the company has to keep a tab on the competition as well and analyze what they are doing and be able to predict what their next move is going to be and try to be one step ahead of the competition at all times (Glass, 2010), although the company cannot influence its competition directly but it can take measures that can affect the competition in a positive as well as a negative fashion. (Donburch, 1988). For example if Honda announces that it would launch a an Accord in 2012 that would be extremely fuel efficient but at the same time it would be able to break the sound barrier, then Toyota has to come up with a product that is equivalent to that Accord if not better. The second part of this paper deals with factors at the macroeconomic level, these factors are beyond the control of any of the firms and these are in a way given or handed down by the state of the economy and are largely dependent on the government policies and the economic structure that is prevalent in the environment that the company is operating in, for example Toyota Corporation in the US would not be able to determine the exchange rate of the dollar because that is more dependent on the US governments policies and the decisions that are taken within the economic environment by that government. (Wessels, 2000). Interest rates: Interest rates in an economy determine whether people are going to save more or spend more, when the interest rates are high people would prefer to save rather than spend but if the interest rates are low in the economy then people would prefer to spend their money rather than save it. (Donburch, 1988). The exact inverse is true when it comes to borrowing from banks or other financial institutions, people tend to take loans when the interest rates are lower and would prefer not to loan out money when interest rates are higher. (Donburch, 1988). How is Toyota affected by the interest rates prevalent within in the economy? If Toyota is to set up a new plant it is definitely going to need a loan to set up the plant, when would Toyota prefer to take the loan? When the interest rates are on the lower side and hence this macroeconomic factor affects the strategy of the company. (Wessels, 2000). Taxes: Toyota would prefer to set up a plant where the corporate taxes are on the lower side so that it enables the company to earn higher profits for its stakeholders, however the taxes or the tax regime is developed by the government and Toyota has no say in it. Employment: Employment or the ability of the workforce to fulfill the requirements of the Toyota Corporation is another important element. Toyota cannot train the whole workforce or it cannot provide for itself employees all by itself, the government has to provide for the people basic education and training (Donburch, 1988) so there is enough work-force available to work for the Toyota Corporation. Business cycles or cyclical trends of the economy also have a bearing on the Toyota Corporation for example economy can experience growth and it can also experience stagnation and this would directly affect the sales of the Toyota Camry but this is something that the company has no control over and is not able to influence it. (Lipsey, 2002). Inflation is another important element when talking about macroeconomic factors, inflation is the general increase in the price levels within an economy (Donburch, 1988) and if prices increase then the costs for Toyota also would increase and some of these costs or in some cases all of it would be transferred on to the customers of the company. Conclusion In conclusion, both macro and micro levels have an important bearing on the company but at the micro level the company should influence the factors in its favor and at the macro level the company should be able to predict the future trends and be adaptive. (Lipsey, 2002).

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Shakespeares Tempest - A Tired and Dated Work? :: Shakespeare Tempest

The Tempest: Immortal Classic or Tired and Dated Work? Why do educators hold the works of Shakespeare in such high regard? Should The Tempest be considered an "immortal classic"? Indeed Shakespeare's works had great significance in the evolution of English literature, but these works, including The Tempest are mostly devoid of significance and literary value in the present day. One can expect to gain little appreciation for fine literature from the reading of Shakespeare's works for reasons enumerate. First of all, the colorful and sophisticated metaphoric vernacular style of the language utilized is archaic; even the speech of intellectually refined individuals and other respected literary works do not imploy of this rich style of speech. The poemic composition of The Tempest does not increase one's ability to appreciate distinguished literature because the refined and respected works of most other classical writers are in novel form and thus differ highly from Shakesperian works in the literary devices and mannerisms from which th ey are comprised. The Tempest was written in early seventeeth century England. At this period of history and country the English language was quite different from what it is today in many ways. First, standard, formal vocabulary was different at this time. An great example is found in the line "...you bawling, blasphemous, incharitable dog!" (act 1 sc. 1, p. 9). In this line, the word incharitable is the modern equivalent of the word uncharitable. The standard dictionary word has changed prefixes somewhere througout the centuries. Another thing that would have made a further gap between the vernacular in the play and modern English is Shakespeare's deployment of common language,or slang (although I have no proof because I don't speak sixteenth century slang). "A pox o' your throught..." (act 1 sc.1, p. 9) and "...give o'er..."(act 1 sc. 1, p. 9). These phrases seem to be slang therms because they are so deviant from there modern english equvalents, "curses on" and "give up", respe ctiveley. What value does learning the archaic vernacular give to the reader. Surely it does not increase thier word power or sophisticate their vocabulary, for nowhere, not even in among people of high intellectual refinement such as venerable college professers, is this dead language used. Another distinctive trait of the vernacular used in The Tempest is the heavy use of metaphor. This use of metaphor is so heavy and outlandish that it becomes extrodinarily difficult to interpret and causes the words to fall into chaotic ambiguity. Shakespeare's Tempest - A Tired and Dated Work? :: Shakespeare Tempest The Tempest: Immortal Classic or Tired and Dated Work? Why do educators hold the works of Shakespeare in such high regard? Should The Tempest be considered an "immortal classic"? Indeed Shakespeare's works had great significance in the evolution of English literature, but these works, including The Tempest are mostly devoid of significance and literary value in the present day. One can expect to gain little appreciation for fine literature from the reading of Shakespeare's works for reasons enumerate. First of all, the colorful and sophisticated metaphoric vernacular style of the language utilized is archaic; even the speech of intellectually refined individuals and other respected literary works do not imploy of this rich style of speech. The poemic composition of The Tempest does not increase one's ability to appreciate distinguished literature because the refined and respected works of most other classical writers are in novel form and thus differ highly from Shakesperian works in the literary devices and mannerisms from which th ey are comprised. The Tempest was written in early seventeeth century England. At this period of history and country the English language was quite different from what it is today in many ways. First, standard, formal vocabulary was different at this time. An great example is found in the line "...you bawling, blasphemous, incharitable dog!" (act 1 sc. 1, p. 9). In this line, the word incharitable is the modern equivalent of the word uncharitable. The standard dictionary word has changed prefixes somewhere througout the centuries. Another thing that would have made a further gap between the vernacular in the play and modern English is Shakespeare's deployment of common language,or slang (although I have no proof because I don't speak sixteenth century slang). "A pox o' your throught..." (act 1 sc.1, p. 9) and "...give o'er..."(act 1 sc. 1, p. 9). These phrases seem to be slang therms because they are so deviant from there modern english equvalents, "curses on" and "give up", respe ctiveley. What value does learning the archaic vernacular give to the reader. Surely it does not increase thier word power or sophisticate their vocabulary, for nowhere, not even in among people of high intellectual refinement such as venerable college professers, is this dead language used. Another distinctive trait of the vernacular used in The Tempest is the heavy use of metaphor. This use of metaphor is so heavy and outlandish that it becomes extrodinarily difficult to interpret and causes the words to fall into chaotic ambiguity.